PRICE    TB1T  OB1TTS. 


WHY 

IRELAND 
*    IS  POOR. 


RIPE  FRUIT  FROM  THE  TREE  OF 

BRITISH  FREE  TRADE. 


'The  industry  oj  a  Country  is  the  Corner  Stone  of  a  Nation." 
'An  ounce  of  fact  is  worth  a  pound  of  theory." 


BY 


j  the  Librarian 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1880,  by  J.  F.  Scanlan ■JjyUg  office  of  t 

of  Congress  at  Washington.  =t  ZTA  ^JXvX 

AUSTRIA! 

LEAGUE  OF  AMERICA. 

•  162  WASHINGTON  ST., 

omcA<&OOM  58,   ClilCAGQ,  ILLS. 

McCann  &  O'Brien,  Pbintebs,  169  Madison  Stbeet. 

1880. 


IFor  Sale  at  all  IrTe^T^s  IDepots. 


WHY  IRELAND  IS  POOR 


INTRODUCTORY. 



For  some  unaccountable  reason  the  masses  of  the  Irish  people  are 
not  aware  how  important  a  part  the  question  of  native  industry  played 
in  the  subjugation  of  Ireland.  It  may  be  that  in  the  exuberance  of  their 
martial  ardor,  our  historians  have  not  considered  it  worth  while  to 
treat  such  an  every-day  subject  as  labor,  or  that  in  the  glories  of  Brian 
Boru  and  Fontenoy  they  have  neglected  to  teach  the  people  how  to  be 
free,  happy  and  great  "by  the  sweat  of  the  brow."  It  is  known  to  com- 
paratively few  that  Ireland — now  a  mendicant  before  the  nations  of  the 
earth,  with  her  children  flying  from  her  bosom,  as  from  that  of  a  viper, 
after  hundreds  of  years  of  as  brave  a  struggle  in  behalf  of  their  native 
land  as  any  people  on  the  face  of  the  globe — has  been  reduced  to  its 
present  condition  not  by  the  sword,  but  by  the  application  in  her  domestic 
government  of  that  principle  of  political  economy  known  as  free  trade. 

I  believe  all  Irishmen,  particularly  in  the  United  States,  should  know 
this,  for  several  reasons  chief  of  which  is,  that  learning  what  the  results  of 
free  trade  have  been  in  their  native  land,  they  might  prevent  a  like  fate 
befalling  this  republic,  by  avoiding  the  confidence  game  of  the  conspirators, 
who  now  are  trying  to  apply  the  same  political  economy  to  our  domestic 
government ;  break  down  our  industries,  impoverish  and  weaken  the  Na- 
tion; and  "trust  to  luck"  for  an  opportunity,  to  "burst  the  bubble,"  as 
they  hoped  it  was  burst  in  1861. 

This  pamphlet  will,  in  a  limited  way,  give  some  facts  connected  with 
the  down-fall  of  Irish  industry,  not  to  be  found  on  the  book  shelves  of  every 
Irishman.  It  will  show  how  Ireland  became  poor.  Slavery,  emigration  and 
death  are  the  companions  of  national  poverty ;  Ireland  has  the  trinity.  The 
writer  has  no  object  in  publishing  this  pamphlet  other  than  to  hope  it  will 
attract  his  countrymen  towards  a  train  of  thought*  that  will  make  them 
better  citizens,  and  more  intelligent  enemies  of  British  Aggression.  To 
my  American  fellow  citizens,  it  may  serve*  as  an  introduction,  that  will 
lead  them  to  investigate  the  down-fall  of  the  Irish  nation,  and  thus  enable 
them  to  learn  from  the  experience  of  that  country,  what  a  bottomless  pit 
the  road  terminates  in,  that  British  Free  Trade  Theorists  would  have  us 
travel. 

♦For  "which  I  would  recommendtheworks  of  Henry  C.  Carey,  a  distinguished,  son 
of  a  distinguished  Irishman.  The  works  are  published  by  a  worthy  descendant  of  the 
family,  Henry  Carey  Baird,  Philadelphia. 


PART  I 


THE  NATURAL  RESOURCES  OF  IRELAND. 

Ireland  has  suffered  from  five  famines  in  the  last  century  and  three  in 
this.  To  one  who  is  not  a  close  student  of  Irish  history,  it  would  seem  from 
these  often  occurring  famines,  that  the  '  'Verdant  and  Emerald"  Isle  was  a 
myth  and  that  Ireland  had  not  sufficient  natural  resources  above  or  beneath 
the  earth  to  support  her  people.  That  the  reader  may  more  fully  realize 
•  the  destructive  character  of  British  free  trade.  I  will  mention  some  of 
the  natural  resources  of  Ireland  quoting  facts  taken  from  Robert  Kane's 
Work  on  that  subject. 

The  Anthracite  coal-fields  of  Leinster  extend  over  a  great  portion 
of  the  counties  of  Kilkenny,  Queen's  county  and  Carlow,  and  are  estimated  to 
contain  63,000,000  tons.  The  Tipperary  coal  fields  are  20  miles  long  and 
in  parts  6  miles  wide.  The  Munster  coal-fields,  the  largest  in  the  British 
Empire,  occupy  a  large  portion  of  the  counties  of  Clare,  Limerick,  Cork, 
and  Kerry.  The  Bituminous  coal-fields  of  Tyrone  cover  7000  acres  (Irish). 
Anahone  coal  district  contains  320  acres,  Antrim  has  a  small  coal  district, 
also  Monahan  and  Mulvagh  Bay.  The  Connaught  coal-fields  extend  over 
a  large  part  of  the  counties  of  Roscommon,  Sligo,  Leitrim  and  Cavan, 
covering  an  area  of  114,000  acres  (Irish).  To  these  immense  coal-fields, 
add  2,830,000  acres  of  Bog  (Peat),  which  has  44  per-cent  the  economic 
value  of  coal,  which  shows  Ireland  to  be  well  provided  with  fuel. 

The  water  power  of  Ireland  equals  1,452,150  horse  power,  capable  of 
working  night  and  day,  the  year  round,  and  this  power  can  be  more  than 
doubled  by  building  basins,  reservoirs,  &c,  that  would  economize  the  rain 
fall  to  be  used  in  dry  seasons.  Nearly  all  the  lakes  of  Ireland  could  be 
converted  into  vast  reservoirs  to  be  utilized  as  power  for  manufacturing 
purposes. 

Iron  exists  in  large  quantities  in  Tyrone,  Kilkenny,  on  the  shores  of 
Lough  Allen,  Fermanah,  Cavan,  Queen's  county,  Clare,  Roscommon  and 
Leitrim ;  Copper  exists  in  Wicklow  and  Waterford.  The  lead  mines  of 
Wicklow,  Waterford,  Dublin  and  Clare,  Cork,  Kerry,  Tipperary  and  north 
of  Dublin  are  very  extensive.  Gold  and  Silver  mines  exist  in  Wicklow  and 
Cork  ;  Antimony  in  Clare  and  Armagh  ;  Magnesia  and  its  Sulphate  exist  in 
vast  quantities  ;  Alum  and  Slate  in  Clare  and  Kerry ;  Pipe  clay;  WThite  and 
Fire  clay,  Fullers'  earth  ;  Pipe  and  Tileclay  in  e^ry  part  of  Ireland ;  600 
different  kinds  of  stone  and  Marble  and  slate.  It  would  seem  from  this 
partial  enumeration  of  the  resources  that  nature  has  supplied  the  Island 
with  more  than  an  average  quantity  of  raw  material,  add  to  which  a  rich 
soil,  a  climate  neither  hot  in  summer  nor  cold  in  winter,  with  harbors  and 
commercial  advantages  equal  if  not  superior  to  any  country  of  her  size  in 
the  world,  and  the  wonder  is  that  any  power  of  man  or  demon  could  create 
so  much  misery,  where  God  has  extended  his  blessings  in  such  abundance. 


PART  II. 


THE  INDUSTRIES  OF  IRELAND 

If  the  condition  of  a  country  is  to  be  judged  from  its  people,  a  person 
would  judge  from  the  Irish  people  that  Ireland  produced  only  scholars 
and  laborers  ;  and  that  the  art  of  mechanism,  was  only  known  in  its  crudest 
domestic  form.  This  would  be  an  injustice,  for  we  must  look  behind  the 
present  if  we  would  know  the  truth  of  the  cause  that  has  led  to  the  unhappy 
condition  of  the  Irish  people.  In  tracing  briefly  a  sketch  of  Irish  indus- 
tries, I  do  so  with  a  desire  of  pointing  out  the  effect  the  destruction  of 
the  industries  of  a  country  has  on  a  nation's  life.  Ireland,  previous  to  the 
destruction  or  her  mdustries,  had  all  the  vigor  and  manhood  of  anation,  with 
power  and  strength  to  resist  its  enemies  at  home  and  abroad.  After  its 
industries  were  destroyed,  it  crumbled  away  before  the  march  of  time,  like 
an  uncemented  wall  of  sand,  incapable  of  preserving  its  own  life  as  a 
nation,  or  the  individual  lives  of  its  people. 

"A  thousand  years  before  the  Christian  era,  colors  for  dyeing  purple,  green  and  yel- 
low, were  known  and  used."  "Golden  helmets,  chains,  rings,  colors,  swords,  shields 
richly  ornamented,  cloaks  and  other  garments  of  the  finest  texture,  chariots,  and  even 
chess  and  back  gammon  were  manufactured  by  the  Irish."— Marm ion's  Maritime  Ports. 

B.  C.  900,  during  the  reign  of  Eochaedh,  surnamed  the  Learned  Doctor,  a  law  was 
passed  in  the  interest  of  mechanism,  it  empowered  a  commission  of  each  trade,  to  pre- 
vent any  one  working  at  said  trade,  if  they  were  not  expert  at  their  art  or  profession. — 
Mooney's  History  of  Ireland. 

A.  D.  125,  "Tradesmen  and  mechanics,  as  well  as  artists  of  all  professions  were  put 
under  the  management  of  a  committee,  who  had  power  to  examine  into  their  abilities,  to 
reform  abuses  and  suspend  such  as  by  their  unfairness  or  want  of  skill,  brought  their 
occupation  into  discredit." — Plowden,  Review  of  Ireland. 

The  brooches  and  golden  and  bronze  ornaments  that  have  been  found 
in  Ireland  during  the  present  century,  with  engraved  filigree  work  that  can't 
be  excelled,  if  it  can  be  equalled  at  the  present  day,  indicate  a  very  high 
state  of  mechanism  among  the  ancient  Irish.  Still,  a  greater  evidence  of 
the  ancient  Irish  having  a  diversified  industry  was  their  capacity  to  with- 
stand the  shock  of  the  Danish  invasion  that  poured  down  in  hordes 
on  the  Irish  Coast  from  812,  until  finally  expelled  in  1014.  A  people  not 
well  advanced  in  the  arts  of  industry,  could  not  sustain  an  almost  continual 
war  of  two  hundred  years,  as  the  Irish  did  against  the  Danes. 

The  late  rebellion  of  the  South  illustrates  the  force  of  this  fact.  Pre- 
vious to  the  war  cotton  was  king,  and  free  trade  was  their  political  shib- 
boleth. War  found  them  leaning  on  foreign  countries  for  all  their  arms, 
ammunition,  clothing,  medicine,  &c.  England  was  unfavorable  to  the 
North,  as  a  consequence  the  North  was  compelled  to  start  her  shops  to  make 
all  the  engines  of  war ;  this  led  to  almost  prohibiting  foreign  manufactured 
goods  from  coming  into  the  country ;  the  result  was  that  every  day 
strengthened  the  North,  and  weakened  the  South. 

The  Anglo  Normans  in  the  12th  century  found  the  Irish  industries  in 
a  progressive  condition,  and  they  did  considerable  to  encourage  them,  for 
it  would  seem  the  English  of  that  day  had  not  arrived  at  the  high  perfec- 
tion of  the  present  government,  whose  motto  is  "First  to  impoverish  the 
easier  to  enslave." 

The  Piantagenets  and  Tudors,  though  intent  on  subjugating  the 
country,  encouraged  the  trade  and  manufactures. 


5 


In  1289, (in  the  reign  of  Edward  L),  Irish  produce  and  manufactures 
had  free  export,  the  same  as  Irish  cloth,  Freize  and  wool.  In  1360,  un- 
der Edward  ILL,  Irish  woolens,  Freize  cloth  and  Serge  were  in  great  repute, 
and  were  manufactured  in  Dublin,  Cork,  Kilkenny,  Waterford,  Ross, 
Drogheda  and  Trim.  In  the  reign  of  Richard  II.,  mantles  from  these 
goods  called  a  cadow,  were  exported  to  England,  duty  free.  The  same 
privilege  was  granted  in  Italy.  Encouragement  like  this,  and  years  of 
experience,  brought  the  Irish  Woolen  trade  up  to  a  standard  that  was  fast 
attracting  the  attention  of  the  world.  All  this  time  the  English  pos- 
-10ns  in  Ireland  were  limited  to  a  few  miles,  around  Dublin,  known  as 
the  Pale.  It  was  only  when  England  could  not  conquer  the  Irish  people 
by  war,  that  she  introduced  the  system  of  destroying  Irish  industries, 
the  more  easily  to  destroy  Irish  Liberty,  which  system  was  first  intro- 
duced by  the  ungrateful  Stuarts,  and  afterwards  rigidly  enforced  by  Wil- 
liam ELL,  Prince  of  Orange. 

At  the  opening  of  the  Sixteenth  Century,  Iron  mills  were  located  in 
Tallow,  county  Cork,  Dingle,  in  Kerry  and  in  Desart  in  King's  county. 

Mines  were  worked  in  Fermanagh,  Cavan,  Tyrone,  Queen's  county, 
Clare,  Roscommon  and  Leitrim.  The  product  of  these  mines,  after  being 
manufactured,  was  generally  shipped  from  Waterford  to  London.  So 
that  over  three  hundred  years  ago,  the  capital  of  the  British  Empire  was 
supplied  with  iron  from  Ireland.  If  that  Industry  had  been  carefully 
nurtured  up  to  this  time,  Ireland  would  not  now  have  a  periodical  famine, 
nor  would  her  children  be  scattered  over  the  earth,  the  hewers  of  wood 
and  drawers  of  water.  England  saw  and  feared  this,  and  through  re- 
strictive law  and  the  agency  of  British  gold  and  British  protection  trans- 
ferred those  industries  to  herself,  resulting  in  wealth  for  England 
and  poverty  for  Ireland.  This  should  be  a  lesson  for  America.  About 
this  time  the  linen  trade  was  introduced  into  Ireland,  and  a  great 
many  emigrants  from  the  continent  came  to  Ireland  to  take  advantage  of 
the  manufacturing  facilities  that  country  possessed. 

The  Revolution  of  1641,  and  the  subsequent  raid  of  Cromwell  put  out  the 
fires  of  Irish  industry  for  a  time.  In  the  enforcement  of  the  "hell  or  to 
Connaught"  proclamation  of  Cromwell,  the  English  settlers  pleaded  for  the 
retention  of  the  native  Irish  among  them  on  account  of  their  superior  in- 
dustrial knowledge.  Vincent  Gookin,  an  Englishman,  at  that  time  published 
"Caseof  Transplantation  Discussed."  In  it  he  pleads  with  Cromwell  :"More- 
over,  there  are  few  of  the  Irish  peasantry,  but  were  skillful  in  husbandry 
and  more  exact  than  any  of  the  English  in  the  husbandry  proper  to  the 
country,  few  of  the  women  but  were  skillful  in  dressing  hemp  and  flax,  and 
making  woolen  clcth.  In  every  hundred  men.  there  were  five  or  six  masons 
and  carpenters,  at  least,  and  much  more  skillful  in  supplying  the  defects 
of  instruments  and  materials  than  English  artificers." — Prendergast's, 
Cromwellian  Settlement  of  Ireland. 

During  the  period  from  Cromwell  to  James  EL,  the  Irish  developed 
their  industries  against  the  restrictive  laws  of  England,  and  the  efforts  of 
Earl  of  Essex  and  Sir  William  Temple,  who  used  all  their  diplomacy  to 
induce  them  to  give  up  the  woolen  trade  to  England.  The  result  was  that 
although  Cromwell  left  Ireland  with  its  industry  suspended,  its  people 
starving,  and  many  of  its  cities  in  ruins,  in  a  few  years  the  fires  of  in- 
dustry were  lighted,  which  in  time  grew  to  more  than  its  old  proportions. 
This  Drought  wealth  and  prosperity  to  the  country,  and  enabled  the  Irish 


G 


to  take  up  arms  in  defence  of  him  whom  they  thought  their  legitimate 
King,  James  II.,  against  the  combined  English  forces  under  William  EH. 
Prince  of  Orange.  J ames  II.  was  a  coward  and  poltroon  and  a  brave  people 
lost  their  liberty  and  country  by  taking  up  his  cause. 


PART  III. 

IRELAND  DURING  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY. 

There  is  one  feature  of  the  struggle  between  Ireland  and  England,  to 
which  I  wish  to  call  the  special  attention  of  my  readers  :  Up  to  the  year  1698, 
the  English  government — although  using  all  the  ingenuity  of  torture  and 
the  most  depraved  treachery  combined  with  all  the  force  at  its  command 
had  not  conquered  the  spirit  of  the  people.  At  this  period  the  people  of 
England  jealous  of  the  recuperating  powers  of  the  Irish  determined  to  take 
from  them  the  source  of  recuperation.  True,  during  the  regime  of  the 
Stuarts,  England  passed  some  restrictive  laws,  but  it  was  principally  against 
the  raw  materials  ;  and  her  agents  tried  to  coax  the  Irish  people  to  give  up 
their  industries  for  England's  benefit  ;but  as  the  restrictive  1  a  ws  of  the  Stuarts 
were  not  so  sweeping  in  their  character  as  those  of  William  III.,  and  the 
blarney  of  the  English  agents  was  not  good  logic,  the  Irish  still  progressed 
in  their  industries  and  Ireland  retained  the  spirit  and  character  of  a 
nation.  Her  most  glorious  achievements  since  the  Anglo-Norman  inva- 
sion were  previous  to  this  period. 

"Every  appearance,  report,  or  even  suspicion  of  dissension,  weakness,  or  disorder 
within  the  'pale,  was  the  signal  for  the  Septs  to  fly  to  arms  and  harass  the  English,  of 
whom  their  hatred  was  implacable."  Every  defeat  of  the  English  was  followed  by  an 
inundation  of  more  formidable  forces;  the  submission  of  the  Irish  was  often  abject — 
always  precarious  and  occasional,  but  never  lasted  longer  than  the  English  forces  com- 
manded a  decided  superiority." — PloxcderCs  Review  of  Ireland. 

It  was  previous  to  this  period  that  our  country  offered  such  induce- 
ments to  the  stranger  that  those  who  came  to  Ireland  as  invaders  threw 
off  the  garb  of  the  enemy,  joined  the  ranks  of  the  natives  and  became 
"More  Irish  than  the  Irish  themselves."  Since  that  period,  excepting  the 
18  years  of  the  Irish  parliament  from  1782  to  1800,  the  natives,  though  loving 
the  land  beyond  anything  on  this  earth,  with  aching  hearts  flew  from  it  as 
if  it  was  pest  ridden.  It  was  previous  to  the  destruction  of  Irish  industry 
by  William  III.  that  the  O'Rourc's,  O'Byrnes,  O'Neils,  Tyrones  and  Bars- 
fields  illuminated  Irish  history  with  their  deeds.  Where  are  the  Irish 
heroes  and  battlefields  since  ?  Excepting  the  short  period  referred  to  which 
protected  Irish  industry,  the  history  of  Ireland  is  the  record  of  a  vast 
funeral  procession,  mourning  with  clinched  teeth  over  the  grave  of  some 
heart,  that 

 "Indignant  breaks" 

"To  show  that  still  she  lives." 

For  generations  the  English  people  were  building  up  a  native  industry 
by  protective  tariff  and  restrictive  law,  conquests  and  subsidies  were  made 
and  given  to  build  up  her  industry,  her  mechanics  were  not  permitted 
to  leave  England,  so  fearful  was  she  that  the  genius  of  her  experience 
would  benefit  other  countries.  So  jealous  was  she  of  any  opposition,  that 
her  parliament,  navy,  and  army  were  always  at  the  service  of  her  trade  and 
manufacturing  interests.  Ireland  from  her  superior  facilities,  salubrious 
climate,   and  the  attention  paid  to  its  manufactures  attracted  to  her 


7 


shores  some  of  the  best  workmen  of  Europe,  the  consequence  of  which  was 
that  Ireland  was  fast  pushing  her  trade  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  This 
aroused  the  cupidity  of  "John  Bull,"  and  when  William  III.,  Prince  of 
Orange,  became  fixed  on  the  throne,  the  manufacturers  of  England, 
through  parliament  in  1698,  addressed  the  King  as  follows  : 

"That  the  growing  manufacture  of  cloth  in  Ireland,  both  by  the  cheapness  of  all 
sorts  of  necessaries  of  life  and  goodness  of  material  for  making  all  manner  of  cloth, 
doth  invite  your  subjects  of  England,  with  their  families  and  servants  to  leave  their 
habitation  and  settle  there,  to  the  increase  of  the  woolen  manufacturing  in  Ireland, 
which  makes  your  loyal  subjects  in  this  kingdom  very  apprehensive  that  the  further 
growth  of  it  may  greatly  prejudice  the  said  manufacturing  here  by  which  the  trade 
of  the  nation  and  value  of  land  will  very  much  decrease  and  the  number  of  your  people 
be  much  lessened  here." — Sir  Hely  Hutchinson,  Restriction  of  Irish  Trade.  William 
III.  in  his  answer  to  Parliament  said:  "I  shall  do  all  that  in  me  lies  to  discourage  the 
woolen  trade  of  Ireland    *    *    *    and  promote  the  trade  of  England."—  Ibid. 

Just  what  England  would  do  to  day  with  the  United  States  if  she  had 
the  power ;  lacking  in  power  she  hires  her  Mongrediens  to  publish  false- 
hoods, addressed  to  the  American  farmers,  hoping  with  their  aid  to 
break  down  the  tariff  of  this  country,  that  she  might  annihilate  American 
industry  as  she  did  that  of  Ireland.  True  to  his  word  William  III.  sup- 
pressed the  woolen  trade  of  Ireland ;  the  iron  trade,  and  such  other  indus- 
tries as  had  heretofore  kept  the  manhood  of  Ireland  employed,  soon 
followed ;  immediately  idleness,  poverty  and  famine  took  the  places  that 
were  formerly  occupied  by  industry,  wealth  and  happiness.  The  years  1703, 
1716,  1721,  1727,  1729,  1740,  1741,  1757,  1765,  were  seasons  of  distress  and 
famine.  The  people  emigrated  to  the  West  Indies,  America  and  France, 
in  fact  to  any  part  of  the  world  where  work  could  be  obtained.  Riots  be- 
came the  order  of  the  day,  the  heretofore  peaceable  and  prosperous  work- 
ingmen  goaded  by  hunger  became  the  tramps  of  that  day,  roamed,  robbed 
and  rioted  under  the  appellation  of  White  Boys,  Steel  Boys,  Oak  Boys, 
Peep  of  Day  Boys,  dcc%  Such  a  deplorable  condition  of  affairs  existed  dur-  1 
ing  the  three  quarters  of  a  century,  following  the  suppression  of  Irish  in- 
dustry by  William  III.,  Prince  of  Orange,  that  Sir  Hely,  Hutchison, 
writing  in  1779,  on  the  state  of  the  country,  uses  the  following  forcible 
language : 

"Compare  this  period  with  the  former  and  you  will  prove  this  melancholy  truth,  that 
a  country  will  sooner  recover  from  the  miseries  and  devastations  occasioned  by  war,  in- 
vasion, rebellion,  massacre,  than  from  laws  restraining  the  commerce,  fettering  the  in- 
dustry, and  above  all  breaking  the  spirit  of  the  people." 

The  American  citizen  who  may  be  lulled  into  the  belief  that  the  in- 
troduction of  Free  Trade,  (by  which  the  present  industries  of  America 
would  be  destroyed),  will  benefit  this  country,  should  pause  in  the  midst 
of  his  theories  and  investigate  facts  from  this  period  of  Irish  history,  that 
at  one  fell  swoop  reduced  a  people  and  a  country  from  prosperity  to  in- 
digence and  poverty. 

About  the  year  1762  Dean  Swift  appeared  like  a  giant  above  the  chaos 
and  ruin  that  weighed  down  Ireland,  he  hurled  red-hot  shot  at  English 
cupidity,  that  would  destroy  a  nation  in  order  to  remove  a  competitor ; 
then  it  was  that  he  sent  that  scathing  sentence  around  the  world  to  coun- 
teract English  selfishness  :  "Burn  everything  that  comes  from  England, 
buther  coal."  Swift  was  the  first  person  who  pointed  out  to  the  Irish  the 
necessity  of  associating  themselves  against  the  use  of  foreign  manufac- 
tured goods,  and  to  those  non-importation  associations  must  the  credit  be 
given  for  the  patriotic  ardor  that  afterwards  prevaded  the  ranks  of  the 
Irish  volunteers  of  1782.   By  means  of  "Drapier's"  letters,  Swift  aroused 


8 


the  people ;  they  were  written  so  as  to  be  understood  by  the  masses,  and  he 
used  the  cheapest  medium  of  distribution ;  they  were  hawked  about  the 
streets  of  Dublin,  pasted  up  in  the  ale  houses,  distributed  about  the  coun- 
try, and  every  farmer  found  one  on  his  table.  The  prosecution  of  Swift 
by  the  government  only  advertised  the  "Drapiers"  letters,  and  made  them 
still  more  sought  for ;  patriotism  grew  amazingly,  newspapers  appeared 
and  fanned  the  flame,  until  merchants,  manufacturers,  public  officials, 
and  people  formed  non-importation  associations  in  the  principal  cities. 
In  Dublin,  the  association  passed,  among  others,  the  following  resolutions  : 
"Resolved,  That  we  will  not  directly  or  indireetly  import  or  use  any  goods 
or  wares,  the  product  or  manufacture  of  Great  Britain,  which  can  be  produced 
in  this  kingdom." 

Similar  resolutions  were  adopted  at  Waterford,  Belfast  and  other 
cities,  in  consequence  of  which  the  manufacturing  interest  of  Ireland 
began  to  revive.  Out  of  these  non-importation  associations  grew  the 
Irish  volunteers,  which  gave  such  an  impetus  to  the  spirit  of  patriotism, 
that  we  find  the  glorious  spectacle  of  a  people  by  force  of  individual  action, 
combination  and  sacrifice  lift  up  their  home  industries,  into  a  high  state  of 
prosperity,  while  English  goods,  filling  the  warehouses  of  the  land,  remain- 
ing unsold,  although  they  were  offered  at  much  lower  prices  than  the 
people  were  paying  for  home  products.  What  a  spirit  of  patriotism  for  the 
American  people  to  emulate.  The  English  government  had  on  its  hand 
at  this  time  the  war  for  American  freedom.  The  success  of  the  patriots  in 
America  gave  encouragement  to  Ireland.  The  citizens  of  Dublin  and 
other  places  watched  with  a  jealous  eye  the  merchants  who  dealt  in 
foreign  goods,  and  published  their  names  in  the  paper,  which  practice 
made  it  very  unpopular  and  unprofitable  to  deal  in  English  goods.  John 
Mitchell  in  his  his  history  of  Ireland  gives  the  condition  of  affairs  at  that 
time. 

The  patriotic  action  of  the  Irish,  Mitchell  says,  the  English  press 
"Denounced  as  the  policy  of  savages  and  pointed  out  the  Irish  people  to  the  con- 
tumely of  Europe." 

"At  the  same  time,  the  English  manufacturers,  ever  careless  of  present  sacrifices  to 
secure  permanent  advantages,  flooded  the  country  towns  with  the  accumulated  products 
of  the  woolen  manufacture,  which,  owing  to  the  American  war  and  other  causes  had  re- 
mained on  their  hands,  they  offered  these  goods  to  small  shop-keepers  at  the  lowest 
possible  prices,  and  desired  them  to  name  their  own  time  for  payment."  ' 

"The  volunteers  and  the  leaders  of  the  movement  were  equally  active  on  their 
side.  The  press,  the  pulpit  and  ball-rooms  were  enlisted  in  the  cause  of  native  indus- 
try.' *  *  *  Trade  revived,  the  manufacturers  who  had  thronged  the  city  of  Dublin, 
the  ghastly  apparitions  of  decayed  industry,  found  employment  provided  for  them  by 
the  patriotism  and  spirit  of  the  country,  the  proscribed  goods  of  England  remained 
unsold,  or  only  sold  under  false  colors  by  knavish  and  profligate  retailers.  The  country 
enjoyed  some  of  the  fruits  of  freedom  before  she  obtained  freedom  itself." 

How  very  like  is  the  action  of  the  British  press  to-day  which  seeks  now 
through  the  Cobden  Club,  to  "hold  up"  the  American  people  ''to  the  con- 
tumely" of  the  world  because  we  will  not  remove  our  tariff,  destroy  Ameri- 
can industry,  that  they,  the  English,  may  reap  profit  from  our  ruin. 

As  free  traders  of  to-day  use  the  argument  that  it  was  free  trade 
that  Ireland  wanted  at  this  period  on  account  of  the  non-importation 
societies  and  volunteer  organizations  using  the  words  free  trade  in  their 
resolutions,  I  quote  from  John  Mitchell's  History  of  Ireland,  page  128,  the 
following  which  should  settle  that  question : 

"To  force  from  reluctant  England  a  Free  Trade,  and  the  repeal  or  rather  declaratory 
nullification,  of  Poyning's  iaw,  which  required  the  Irish  Parliament  to  submit  the  heads 


9 


of  their  bills  to  the  English  Privy  Council,  before  they  could  presume  to  pass  them, 
these  were  in  a  few  words;  the  two  great  objects  which  the  leaders  of  the  volunteers 
kept  now  steadily  before  them." 

"It  must  bo  observed  that  the  idea  and  the  term  "Free  Trade,"  as  then  understood 
in  Ireland,  did  not  represent  what  the  political  economists  now  call  free  trade.  What 
was  sought  was  a  release  from  these  restrictions  on  Irish  trade  imposed  by  an  Engiish 
Parliament  and  for  the  profit  of  the  English  people.  This  did  not  mean  that  imports  and 
exports  should  be  free  of  all  duty  to  the  State,  but  only  that  the  fact  of  import  or  export 
itself  should  not  bo  restrained  by  foreign  laws,  and  that  the  duties  to  be  derived  from  It 
should  bo  imposed  by  Ireland's  own  Parliament,  and  in  the  sole  interest  of  Ireland  herself. 
This  distinction  is  more  important  to  be  observed  because  modern  "free  traders"  in  Ire- 
land and  England  have  sometimes  appealed  to  the  authority  of  the  enlightened  men  who 
then  governed  the  volunteer  movement,  as  authority  in  favor  of  abolishing  import  and 
export  duties.    The  citation  is  by  no  means  applicable. 

PART  IV. 

THE  LIFE  AND  DEATH  OF  THE  IRISH  PARLIAMENT. 

When  the  Parliament  of  1782  met,  Grattan  presented  the  ''Declaration 
of  Rights,"  which  declared  that  the  King,  Lords  and  Commons  of  Ireland 
only  had  the  power  to  make  laws  for  Ireland.  With  ill-concealed  regret, 
England  conceded  this,  as  70000  armed  volunters  demanding  freedom  were 
not  to  be  trifled  with.  She  looked  to  the  future  and  took  every  advantage  to 
sow  the  seed  of  discord  among  the  then  rulers  of  Ireland,  which  unfortu- 
nately, owing  to  jealously  and  religious  bigotry,  was  not  difficult  to  do. 
However,  the  Parliament  partaking  of  the  patriotism  of  the  people  set  to 
work  to  repair  the  damages  to  Irish  trade  caused  by  English  avarice.  One 
of  the  first  measures  introduced  was  a  motion  for  a  high  tariff  to  protect 
Irish  industry,  "The  People,"  says  Ploiuden  "flocked  round  the  parlia- 
ment house  in  anxious  expectation  of  the  protecting  duties  being  estab- 
lished in  their  favor :" 

The  executive  part  of  government,  subject  to  the  appointing  power  of 
the  King,  did  not  give  active  support  to  the  measure,  but  procrastinated 
in  the  interest  of  England.  Still  the  tradesmen,  business  men,  merchants 
and  manufacturers  kept  up  the  agitation  for  protection.  The  citizens  of 
Dublin  petitioned  the  King  in  their  country's  interests,  in  which  petition 
appears  the  following : 

''Protection  has  been  denied  to  our  infant  trade  and  manufactures,  which  England 
thinks  necessary  to  the  maturity  and  vigour  of  hers."    Plowden's  Ireland,  Vol .  3,  page  94. 

With  a  jealousy  that  was  truly  patriotic,  and  which  should  be  apos- 
trophized as 

"The  vigilance  of  Liberty," 

The  people  demanded  and  looked  to  Parliament  "for  protecting  their 
own  manufactures  and  enforcing  the  consumption  of  them  at  home  by 
levying  heavy  duties  on  similar  manufactures  imported  from  other  coun- 
tries."— Plowden's  Review  of  Ireland. 

To  meet  the  wishes  of  the  people,  the  Ways  and  Means  Committee  of 
Parliament  investigated  the  situation  during  the  winter  of  1782-1783, 
which  resulted  in  the  chairman,  Mr.  Gardner,  on  the  2d  day  of  April  1783, 
introducing  measures  towards  protecting  Irish  industry,  and  supporting 
the  proposition  in  the  following  patriotic  speech,  from  which  some  of  our 
congressmen  can  draw  lessons  of  wisdom  at  this  day : 

"I  shall,  sir,  first  state  the  purport  of  my  propositions.  This  is  a  measure  to  restrain 
importation,  but  does  not  affect  the  exportation  of  raw  materials.    Gentlemen  would 


10 


have  the  evidence  on  that  head  also  included  in  the  report  of  the  committee,  but  one  had 
no  connection  with  the  other.  The  committee  was  ordered  to  inquire  into  the  state  of 
manufacturing  at  large;  but  they  did  it  partially.  They  confined  themselves  to  the 
woolen  branch— blankets,  carpets,  hats,  &c.  My  system  is  not  confined  to  these  objects 
only,  but  also  includes  paper,  hardware,  and  other  articles.  The  weaving  branch  is  cer- 
tainly a  very  material  branch  of  commerce,  but  other  objects  also  have  their  weight.  * 
*  *  *  *  The  people  of  England  will  think  it  no  cause  of  emnity  with  us  that  we  fol- 
low their  example.  She  adopted  protective  duties,  because  she  thought  it  her  interest. 
Let  us  act  the  same  part.  What  is  good  for  one  must  be  good  for  the  other.  *  *  *  * 
I  confess,  sir,  that  I  am  strongly  biased  in  its  favor.  The  despondency  and  distress  of 
this  country,  together  with  the  justice  and  expeidency  of  the  measure  itself,  must  make 
every  gentleman  itsfiiend.  Who  can  behold  so  many  thousands  of  his  fellow-creatures 
struggling  with  calamities,  almost  insupportable  by  humanity,  and  not  be  inclined  to  give 
relief?  The  misfortune  is  not  particular; 'tis  universal.  Not  confined  to  Dublin,  it  ex- 
tends to  Cork,  Limerick,  Waterford,  the  Queen's  county,  and  every  part  of  the  kingdom 
where  woolen  manufactures  are  carred  on— not  limited  even  to  the  woolen,  but  affecting 
every  infant  manufactory  in  this  country.  *  *  *  If  gentlemen  wish  to  judge  fairly, 
it  is  right  to  waive  theory  and  speculation,  and  confine  their  attention  to  the  different 
effects  of  the  different  modes  adopted  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  they  will  perceive 
that  the  long  depression  of  this  country  is  owing  to  a  want  of  protection  for  her  trade. 
In  England,  to  what  is  owing  the  great  degree  of  power  and  wealth  she  has  attained  but 
to  protecting  duties?  Now,  sir,  I  shall  enter  on  the  main  part  of  the  business;  and  let 
me  entreat  gentlemen  to  be  free  from  prejudice,  to  divest  themselves  of  every  bias.  I 
do  not  mean  to  proceed  on  speculation,  but  to  reason  from  facts,  and  the  ties  of  policy  of 
the  two  kingdoms.  England  has  flourished  from  adopting  protecting  duties,  and  Ireland 
has  sunk  by  a  neglect  of  them.  Woolens  were  always  the  staple  commodity  of  this 
country,  as  well  as  of  England.  It  was  so  far  back  as  Edward  III.,  in  whose  reign  acts  of 
Parliament  were  passed,  in  which  we  find  clauses  for  protecting  the  trade  of  Ireland. 
At  every  period  before  1698  we  enjoyed  every  advantage  of  a  free  country;  we  had  noth- 
ing then  to  contend  with,  as  no  jealousy  existed  in  the  breast  of  England  before  the  last 
mentioned  period.  Our  trade  was  guaranteed  by  Magna  Charta;  our  exports  acknowl- 
edged by  that  venerable  statue — no  treaty  was  made  in  which  we  were  not  nominally  or 
virtually  included. 

"Antecedent  to  the  year  1698  our  exports  were  double  our  imports,  and  the  amount 
of  shipping  almost  doubled  in  the  ten  preceeding  years.  At  that  period  the  balance  of 
trade  was  exceedingly  in  favor  of  Ireland,  being  no  less  than  £224,000  per  year.  If  we 
consider  the  difficulties  this  country  labored  under  in  those  days,  and  the  comparative 
value  of  money  then  and  now,  this  will  be  found  enormous  balance.  When  Ireland  ex- 
hibited nothing  but  continued  scenes  of  dis  turbance,  disunion,  tumult,  and,  frequently, 
of  civil  wars  within  herself,  to  what  are  we  to  attribute  her  advantages  inc  ommerce  but  to 
her  protecting  duties,  her  geographical  situation,  and  industry?  ******  The 
first  stab,  which  was  given  in  the  reign  of  William  III. ,  to  our  rising  trade,  was  in  1698,  when 
a  corrupt  majority  in  this  House  laid  a  duty  on  cloths  exported  to  England.  Some  spirited 
and  patriotic  members  standing  up  to  oppose  this  measure,  it  was  defended  on  the  ground 
of  being  an  experiment,  and  that  itwould  continue  only  for  three  years,  but  was,  in  the 
year  following,  made  perpetual.  Let  us  mark  the  consequence.  The  manufacturers,  no 
longer  able  to  find  subsistence  at  home,  emigrated  where  they  were  received  with  open 
arms.  The  French,  notwithstanding  every  exertion,  had  been  unable  to  establish  the 
woolen  manufactories,  until  they  procured  Irish  wool  to  mix  with  their  own,  and  Irish- 
men to  weave  it.  They  then,  conscious  of  the  advantages  of  protecting  their  trade,  laid 
additional  duties  on  the  importation  of  English  cloth.  The  event  soon  confirmed  with 
what  propriety  they  adopted  these  protectiug  duties.  They  (the  French)  in  a  short 
time  manufactured  enough  for  the  home  market,  and  by  raising,  from  time  to  time,  the 
protecting  duties,  at  length  to  a  prohibition,  are  enabled  not  only  to  rival  Great  Britian, 
but  to  undersell  her  in  every  market  of  Europe.  *  *  *  *  Another  argument  in  favor 
of  this  proposition  can  be  drawn  from  the  great  benefits  that  this  country  derived  from  a 
power  obtained  by  James,  Duke  of  Ormond,  of  prohibiting  the  importation  of  Scotch 
manufactures.  The  protection  was  obtained  asrainst  Scotland,  and  not  England,  be- 
cause we  were  not  afraid  of  the  latter.  The  utility  of  this  dnty  was  so  great  as  to  give 
in  our  favor,  a  balance,  notwithstanding  the  pernicious  effects  of  the  Plantation  laws,  and 
other  unfair  restrictions  of  King  William's  reign  on  our  trade.  Let  no  man  say  that 
England  is  so  insensible  of  her  own  interests  as  to  be  averse  to  this  measure,  England, 
from  unhappy  experience,  is  convinced  of  the  pernicious  effects  of  her  implomacy.  The 
emigration  of  the  Irish  manufacturers  in  the  reign  of  King  William  is  not  the  only  in- 
stance that  taught  that  nation  the  ruinous  effects  of  restrictive  laws.    Our  own  remem- 


11 


brance  has  furnished  one  instance  of  the  truth  of  this  assertion— furnished  it  in  the  Amer- 
ican war.  America  was  lost  by  Irish  emigrants.  These  emigrations  are  fresh  in  the 
recollection  of  every  gentleman  in  this  House;  and,  when  the  unhappy  differences  took 
place,  I  am  assured,  from  the  best  authority,  that  the  major  part  of  the  American  army 
u-as  composed  of  Irish,  and  that  the  Irish  language  was  aa  commonly  spoken  in  the 
American  ranks  as  English.  I  am  also  informed  it  was  their  valor  determined  the  con- 
test; so  that  England  not  only  lost  the  principal  protection  of  her  woolen  trade;  in  Europe, 
but  also  had  America  detached  from  her  by  force  of  Irish  emigrants.  *  *  *  *  In 
1779  this  country,  no  longer  able  to  support  the  pernicious  effects  of  the  oppression  under 
which  she  labored,  undertook  a  great  measure.  We  spoke  out  and  demanded  free  trade. 
It  is  but  justice  to  gentlemen,  it  is  but  justice  to  the  nation,  that  they  were  unanimous 
and  perserved.  England  acted  wisely  and  justlv  on  the  occasion,  and  restored  us  our 
rights.  But  of  what  use  will  this  free  trade  be?  Will  it  be  anything  but  a  name,  if  we 
do  not  seize  the  advantages  of  it  by  promoting  it?  It  is  impossible  to  do  so,  unless  we 
have  an  opportunity  of  supplying  our  home  consumption  and  exporting  the  redundancy. 
It  is  impossible  to  sell  other  nations  in  foreign  markets,  if  undersold  in  our  own.  While 
our  ports  are  open  to  the  exportation  of  raw  materials,  and  the  importation  of  English 
manufactures,  can  we  expect  to  reap  any  benefit  from  the  extension  of  our  commerce? 
Let  us  turn  our  thoughts  to  the  article  of  cotton,  and  we  shall  find  great  quantities  im- 
ported and  not  a  single  yard  exported.  The  very  same  might  be  affirmed  of  many  other 
manufactures.  *  *  *  *  England  flourished,  but  flourished  from  a  different  cause — 
from  the  protecting  duties,  which  procured  her  a  home  market.  She  soon  outstripped 
all  other  nations  in  her  manufactures,  but  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  tho  rest  of  Europe, 
perceiving  the  good  effects  of  the  measure  to  England,  began  to  lay  on  protecting  duties 
also.  *  *  *  In  1616,  the  English  exports  decreased  £160,000.  In  some  time  after, 
the  balance  was  found  to  be  more  considerably  against  her,  her  imports'  being  above 
£1,000,000,  and  her  exports  not  quite  £300, 000  a  year.  She  then  found  it  necessary  to  recur 
to  fresh  protecting  duties,  and  to  prohibit  the  importation  of  broad  silk.  She  also  saw  it 
necessary  to  prohibit  the  wear  of  India  goods.  These  protecting  duties  have  ever  since 
been  accumulating — Ireland  being  classed  with  other  foreign  countries.  *  *  *  Hav- 
ing, in  real  matter  of  fact,  shown  the  progress  and  success  of  the  manufactures  of  the 
two  countries,  having  shown  how  England  has  risen  and  Ireland  declined;  having  shown 
that  England's  system  of  policy  is  the  cause  of  her  grandeur,  permit  me  to  draw  your 
attention  to  the  difference  of  situations.  In  England,  the  lowest  peasant  wears  a  good 
broadcloth,  feeds  well,  and  is  lodged  comfortably.  The  face  of  the  county  presents  a 
view  of  good  habitations,  and  communicates  an  unspeakable  pleasure  to  every  person  of 
feeling.  I  feel  a  warmth  whenever  I  see  and  contemplate  this  beauty ;  but  when  I  reflect 
on  the  misery  of  my  own  unhappy  country,  I  sink  on  tho  comparison.  In  England,  all 
is  joy,  ease,  and  content;  it  may  be  said  in  the  Scripture  phrase,  of  that  country,  'The 
hills  and  valleys  sing  with  joy.'  Let  us  now  for  a  moment  view  the  wretched  condition 
of  the  mass  of  the  Irish  people.  The  Irishman,  sir,  feeds  the  cattle  whose  flesh  he  is 
debarred  from  tasting." 

The  orator  proceeds  to  compare  in  this  mariner  the  relative  conditions 
of  the  laboring  classes  of  England  and  Ireland,  and  draws  a  picture  any- 
thing but  favorable  to  the  position  of  the  latter.  As  in  the  outset,  and 
through  the  body  of  his  discourse,  he  attributes  English  prosperity  to 
English  protection,  and  Irish  poverty  to  the  want  of  a  protective  tariff.  He 
proved  that  the  English  manufacturers  in  that  day,  as  in  this,  crowded 
the  markets  of  Ireland  with  their  commodities — selling  on  long  time,  los- 
ing sight  of  present  profit  in  view  of  the  future  destruction  of  all  rivalship. 
Mr.  Gardner  concluded  in  these  words : 

"The  advantages  of  the  man  of  landed  estate  and  of  the  manufacturer  are  reciprocal; 
for  the  prosperity  of  the  one  is  the  support  of  the  other.  Therefore,  I  report  the  follow- 
ing resolutions: 

"Resolved,  That  it  appears  to  this  house,  that  the  working  manufacturers  of  this 
kingdom  are  in  the  greatest  poverty  and  distress. 

"Secondly,  That  the  importation  of  foreign  manufactures  into  this  kingdom,  has  of 
late  considerably  increased  and  still  continues  to  increase;"  and 

"Thirdly,  That  this  great  English  importation,  by  impeding  our  mauufactures,  is 
tho  cause  of  this  poverty  and  distress. 

Principles  like  these  enacted  into  laws  soon  gave  an  impetus  and 
solidity  to  the  trade  of  Ireland  that  caused  the  people  to  go  to  work  with 


12 


a  heart  and  a  will,  in  fact,  with  a  bound  the  country  became  as  busy  as 
a  hive ;  poverty  winged  its  flight  from  the  land  and  the  people  looked  to 
the  future  with  aspirations  for  permanent  liberty  that  were  encouraged  by 
the  establishment  of  the  young  republic  of  the  West.  The  news  of  Ireland's 
prosperity  reached  the  home  of  the  weary-laden  in  other  countries,  which 
attracted  many  good  tradesmen  to  her  shores,  all  of  whom  received  a 
welcome.  At  the  same  time  her  prosperity  aroused  a  jealously  in  her  old 
enemy,  England,  that  in  time  proved  her  ruin. 

To  such  an  extent  did  Ireland  march  on  the  road  to  prosperity  on  ac- 
count of  this  protection  that  at  this  time,  a  committee  representing  many 
thousands  of  citizens,  principally  mechanics,  from  Zurich  and  Berne,  in  the 
Kepublic  of  Geneva,  Switzerland,  arrived  in  Ireland  to  make  arrange- 
ments for  the  immigration  of  a  large  number  of  Swiss  from  Geneva  into 
Ireland.  The  Irish  Parliament  appropriated  £50,000  to  assist  the  move- 
ment and  arranged  for  locating  them  on  the  confines  of  the  rivers  Bar- 
row and  Suir,  in  Waterford ;  but  owing  to  the  Swiss  demanding  a  local 
government  independent  of  the  Irish  government  negotiations  were  broken 
off. 

Lord  Clare,  speaking  about  the  condition  of  Ireland  at  this  period, 
says  :  "There  is  not  a  civilized  nation  on  the  face  of  the  habitable  globe  which 
had  advanced  in  cultivation,  in  agriculture,  in  manufacture,  with  the  same 
rapidity  in  the  same  period  as  Ireland." 

Lord  Plunket,  describing  Ireland  at  the  same  time,  says :  "  Laws  well 
arranged  and  administered,  a  constitution  fully  recognized  and  established, 
her  revenues,  her  trade,  her  manufactures,  thriving  beyond  the  hope  or 
example  of  any  other  country  of  her  extent." 

Thus  we  see  in  a  few  years  Ireland,  that  had  five  famines  during  the 
first  three  quarters  of  the  century,  through  the  wisdom  of  its  Parliament 
in  fostering  and  protecting  native  industry,  was  lifted  up,  as  if  by  magic, 
into  prosperity  and  wealth ;  squalor  making  room  for  comfort,  and  de- 
spondency for  hope,  the  population  multiplied,  emigration  ceased,  and  the 
White  Boys,  Peep  O'Day  Boys,  &c.  went  into  the  factories  to  become  hon- 
est, industrious  citizens. 

As  soon  as  England  got  through  with  the  American  war,  which  resulted 
in  the  independence  of  the  United  States,  she  turned  her  attention  to  Ire- 
land and  sought  to  cripple  her  prosperity.  Her  first  move  on  the  chess 
board  was  to  try  to  get  Ireland  to  enter  into  a  Keciprocity  Treaty  with  her. 
This  was  rejected  by  thelrsh  Parliament  amidst  illuminations  by  the  people. 
Failing  in  this  a  union  of  both  countries  was  resolved  on,  and  under  the 
lead  of  Pitt  and  Castlereagh  [the  latter  afterwards  cut  his  own  throat]  the 
government  laid  their  plans  of  fraud,  bribery  and  corruption  to  carry  out 
a  union.  To  do  this  the  people  were  goaded  into  desperation,  the  country 
was  filled  with  the  Hessian  hirelings,  that  were  whipped  out  of  America, 
and  the  most  blood-thirsty  officers  in  the  British  service  were  ordered  to  Ire- 
land. Hanging,  disemboweling  of  men,  women  and  children  became  daily 
occurrences  ;  the  Court  Martial  and  Pitch  Cap  took  the  place  of  jury  and 
witnesses ;  churches,  houses  and  crops  were  laid  in  ashes  and  a  fever  of  ter- 
rorism was  created  throughout  the  land. 

The  United  Irishmen,  a  patriotic  organization,  saw  that  the  govern- 
ment was  determined  to  force  a  revolution  and  tried  to  prepare  for  the 
crisis ;  but  in  Wexford,  where  the  society  did  not  exist  and  consequently 
the  people  were  not  under  its  discipline,  the  government  forced  an  out- 


13 


break.  For  a  few  weeks  those  unarmed  peasants  swept  over  the  disci- 
plined ranks  of  the  British  army  like  a  simoon  over  a  caravan  in  the 
desert. 

It  was  only  a  matter  of  a  short  time,  for  England  wanted  but  an  out- 
break to  proclaim  peace  by  saturating  Ireland  with  the  blood  of  her  children. 

Having  cowed  the  people  into  terror,  hanged  and  transported  their 
leaders,  the  country  still  swarming  with  soldiers  in  1799  that  blighting 
curse,  the  "  Act  of  Union  "  was  presented  to  the  Irish  Parliament  and  on 
this  occasion  was  defeated  for  among  others  the  following  reason,  from 
Address  of  the  House  of  Commons  to  the  King : 

1  'Giving  the  naine  of  Union  tc  the  measure  is  a  delusion  *  *  In  manufactures, 
any  attempt  it  makes  to  offer  any  benefit  which  we  do  not  now  enjoy  is  vain  and  delu- 
sive; and  where ver  it  is  to  have  effect,  that  effect  will  be  to  our  injury.  Most  of  the 
duties  on  imports,  which  operate  as  protection  to  our  manufactures,  are,  under  its  pro- 
visions, to  be  either  removed  or  reduced  immediately,  and  these  which  will  be  reduced 
are  to  cease  entirely  at  a  limited  time.  Though  many  of  our  manufactures  owe  their 
existence  to  the  protection  of  those  duties,  and  though  it  is  not  in  the  power  of  human 
wisdom  to  forsee  any  precise  time  when  they  may  be  able  to  thrive  without  them,  your 
majesty's  faithful  Commons  feel  more  than*  ordinary  interest  in  laying  this  fact  before 
you,  because  they  have,  under  your  approbation,  raised  up  and  nursed  many  of  these 
manufactures,  and  by  so  doing  have  encouraged  much  capital  to  be  invested  in  them; 
the  proprietors  of  which  are  now  to  be  left  unprotected,  and  to  be  deprived  of  the  Par- 
liament, on  whose  faith  they  embarked  themselves,  their  families  and  properties,  in  the 
undertaking." — Plowden' 8  Review,  Vol.  5,  Appendix,  page  34. 

Defeated  in  the  first  attack,  England  immediately  set  Castlereagh 
to  work  on  corrupt  representatives,  and  finally  by  creating  rotton  bor- 
oughs, appointing  Scotch  members,  dealing  out  British  gold,  and  by  the 
most  unblushing  corruption  the  measure  was  carried  in  the  succeeding 
year,  1800. 

That  this  measure,  the  Act  of  Union,  was  simply  a  free  trade  con- 
spiracy to  break  down  Irish  industries  the  history  of  Ireland  since  too 
plainly  indicates.  The  written  act  itself  shows  on  its  face  that  the  de- 
struction of  Irish  industry  was  the  sole  aim  and  object  of  England's  forcing 
on  Ireland  that  most  infamous  "Union."  The  following  is  part  of  the 
compact : 

The  duties  on  woolens  was  to  continue  for  twenty  years.  The  duties 
on  calicoes  and  muslins  until  1808  and  those  on  cotton  until  1810. 


Irish  Goods  Shipped  into  England. 


£ 

S 

P 

0 

8 

0 

Bricks,  Tiles,  <fcc. .. 

 @ 

5 

12 

10 

 lb 

0 

8 

1 

Ton 

4 

10 

3 

Cider  

hhd 

0 

19 

2 

sg.  foot 

0 

2 

2* 
6 

44  Flint  or  enameled,  per  cwt 

2 

3 

lb  Hd 

to 

46 

Paper,  Glazed,  

0 

6 

0 

Silk  ribbon  

per  tb 

0 

5 

0 

Gold  mixed  ribbons. 

0 

6 

8 

Silk  stocking  gloves  &c. 

0 

3 

0 

Miscellaneous  silk,  silk  ware, 

. .  .per  lb 
<  < 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

H 

0 

0 

H 

2 

2 

0 

0 

1 

7 

Snuff  

«< 

0 

1 

10i 

English  Goods  Shipped  into  Ireland. 


£ 

s 

P 

Beer  

0 

4 

6 

Bricks,  Tiles,  &c 

free 

free 

Cordage  

Ton 

free 

Cider  

hhg 

free 

free 

44  Flint  or  enameld. per  cwt. 

free 

Leather  

1  d  to  2s  6d 

Paper,  glazed  

per  cwt 

0 

0 

5 

Silk  ribbon  

per  lb 

0 

2 

1 

Gold  mixed  ribbons. 

0 

2 

9* 

Silk  stockings, glove, &c.  " 

0 

1 

3 

Miscellaneous  silk,  silk  ware 

.  .  .  per  lb 

1 

8 

free 
3 

0 

7 

Starch  

.  .  .  per  lb 

free 

0 

10 

0 

Tobacco  

1 1 

0 

1 

Snuff  

<  i 

0 

0  10$ 

14 


After  1821  Ireland  was  to  have  perfect  free  trade. 

The  above  list  taken  from  the  Act  of  Union  as  published  in  Plowden's 
Eeview  of  Ireland  shows  the  hypocrisy  of  this  boasted  free  trader  of 
to-day.  It  will  also  show  the  American  citizen  how  much  free  trade 
England  takes  in  her  sauce  when  she  comes  in  contact  with  a  nation  that 
can  undersell  her  in  her  own  market. 

That  this  Act  of  Union  was  carried  by  most  corrupt  and  unblushing 
bribery  has  now  become  a  matter  of  history.  Battersbys  Repealer's  Man- 
nual  gives  a  summing  up  of  this  wedding  of  two  nations. 

"The  amount  of  salaries  given  to  those  who  held  places  during  the  King's  pleasure 
and  whose  votes  mainly  contrived  to  carry  the  Union,  is  set  down  at  £68,877,  in  addition 
there  were  twenty-six  lawyers  who  received  places;  two  hundred  borough  mongers, 
who  received  for  their  votes  £1,500,000;  New  Titles — 61  were  given  for  marquises,  6 
earls,  13  viscounts,  3  viscountesses,  23  barons,  12  baronets.  *  *  *  The  price  of  a 
single  vote  was  familiarly  known — it  was  £8,000,  or  a  civil  or  military  appointment  to 
the  value  of  £2,000  per  annum.  They  were  considered  by  the  government  party  simple- 
who  only  took  one  of  three.  The  dexterous  always  managed  to  get  at  least  two  of 
three,  and  it  would  not  be  difficult  to  mention  the  names  of  twelve  or  twenty  members 
who  contrived  to  obtain  the  entire  three — the  £8,000,  the  civil  appointment,  and  the  mil- 
itary appointment. 

The  above  extract  from  Mr.  Battersby's  book  falls  far  short  of  giving 
an  account  of  all  the  corrupt  means  and  British  gold  that  were  used  to  sub- 
vert the  liberties  and  transfer  the  trade  of  Ireland,  with  only  five  or  six 
millions  of  people,  to  her  sister  [  ?]  across  the  channel.  Still  it  will  be  suf- 
ficent  for  the  reader  to  base  an  estimate  of  how  much  England  will  spend 
to  get  control  of  the  trade  of  fifty  millions  of  people,  such  as  wield  the 
destinies  of  the  United  States.  This  question  is  not  to  be  sneered  at,  for 
the  insidious  agency  of  British  gold  has  many  times  fettered  the  prospects 
and  blighted  the  happiness  of  the  American  people. 

It  is  only  in  an  Irish  Parliament,  steeped  in  English  corruption,  and 
in  a  country  dragooned  to  death  by  English  hirelings,  that  so  hideous  an 
act  of  national  suicide  could  have  been  accomplished.  Irishmen  must  blush 
with  shame  and  burn  with  rage  when  they  remember  this  outrageous 
fraud.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  the  Irish  never  asked  for  union;  never 
had  an  opportunity  to  express  their  desires  by  a  vote,  and  never  wanted  it ; 
on  the  contrary  twenty-six  out  of  thirty-two  counties,  including  all  of  the 
principal  cities,  protested  by  petition  to  Parliament  against  this  accursed 
free  trade  union. 

PART  V. 

IRELAND  UNDER  FREE  TRADE. 

The  passage  of  the  "Act  of  Union  "  was  the  signal  for  the  English 
manufacturers  to  crowd  the  ports  of  Ireland  with  their  .toods ;  these  they 
sold  and  continued  to  sell  for  some  time  at  a  loss,  to  break  down  the  Irish 
manufacturers,  thus  preventing  the  Irish  from  enjoying  the  ten  or  fifteen 
years  of  tariff  allowed  by  the  Act  of  Union— designed,  I  presume,  from 
a  charitable  [?]  motive  to  give  the  Irish  a  slow  death.  But  the  avarice  of 
the  English  manufacturer  would  not  grant  the  Irish  that  small  favor. 
The  failure  of  the  crops  in  1801  gave  the  people  a  foretaste  of  the  poverty 
that  was  to  come  on  Ireland  more  and  more  in  the  future.  The  wars  of 
Napoleon  kept  up  the  prices  of  farm  products  until  1815,  then,  as  if  the 


15 


sun  went  out  in  the  heavens,  gloom  and  poverty  spread  over  the  face  of 
of  the  land. 

I  desire  to  call  the  special  attention  of  my  readers  to  the  dreadful  re- 
sults that  naturally  flow  from  a  disruption  of  the  laws  of  trade  and  labor, 
which  has  been  most  fearfully  illustrated  by  the  unhappy  .history  of  Ire- 
land since  the  Union. 

Long  before  1808,  which  brought  free  trade  in  calicoes  and  muslins, 
the  importations  of  English  goods  compelled  the  Irish  manufacturers  to 
curtail  production,  suspend,  and  discharge  their  hands  ;  time  only  added  to 
the  number,  in  a  few  years  tens  of  thousands  of  mechanics  were  turned  out 
into  the  world,  with  no  prospects  for  work  at  their  trade,  which  in  the  future 
would  be  done  by  England.  These  mechanics  loved  their  country,  asso- 
ciates and  families.  And  as  America  was  not  as  good  a  place  for  mechan- 
ics then  as  now,  they  looked  around  to  see  where '  they  could  earn 
their  bread.  They  found  that  instead  of  being  consumers  of  raw  mate- 
rials they  had  to  become  producers.  Nothing  remained  from  which  they 
could  earn  their  bread  but  the  land.  The  land  was  already  occupied  and 
possession  could  be  got  only  by  offering  a  higher  price  [rentj  for  it.  To 
the  man  in  possession  of  it  life  and  country  was  just  as  dear.  He  natur- 
ally offered  a  higher  price  to  keep  possession.  Thus  a  competition  was 
created  that  raised  the  rents  above  living  prices.  Five,  six,  eight  and 
ten  pounds  an  acre  was  offered  and  paid  per  year  for  land.  This  brought 
up  the  rent  so  high  that  low  wages  and  the  cheapest  food  became  a  neces- 
ity,  and  even  with  all  this  economy  the  tenant  in  consequence  of  this  high 
rent  was  unable  to  give  the  land  the  food  [fertilizing]  that  nature  demanded. 
Hence  it  was  only  a  matter  of  time  for  the  tenant  to  draw  from  the  land 
all  the  chemical  qualities  that  go  to  make  up  the  crops  in  vogue — potatoes, 
wheat,  &c,  for  a  rotation  of  crops  was  out  of  the  question,  as  the  tenant 
was  too  poor  to  purchase  seeds  or  practice  experiments.  When  the  land 
was  thus  impoverished,  taking  all  out,  giving  nothing  back  for  several 
years,  the  result  was  the  "  Blight"  and  famine  of  1831  and  1845,  which 
swept  two  and  a  half  million  of  the  Irish  people  into  emigrant  ships  or 
pauper  graves.  Thus  we  can  trace  to  this  accursed  free  trade  this  most 
terrible  of  all  the  allies  of  British  interests,  a  periodical  pestilence  that 
every  few  years  sweeps  from  the  face  of  the  earth,  by  an  artificially  created 
famine,  a  people  who  would  be  happy,  blithe  and  gay  if  they  were  per- 
mitted to  follow  the  laws  of  nature  and  earn  their  bread  by  a  diversified 
industry. 

In  1816  subscriptions  to  the  amount  of  £18,580  were  raised  for  unem- 
ployed weavers  in  Dublin,  and  those  skilled  mechanics,  who  should  be 
their  country's  pride,  were  shipped  to  England  and  France  to  enrich  those 
countries  by  their  labor  and  experience. 

The  cotton  factories  of  Celbridge,  Prosperios,  Drogheda,  Belfast^ 
Clonmell,  Cork,  Kiilmacktomas,  Mountrath,  and  other  places,  unde* 
the  pressure  of  free  trade,  closed  their  doors  never  to  open ;  they  sent 
30,000  operatives  to  swell  the  crowd  of  idle  labor.  What  Marmion  in  his 
Maritime  Ports  [page  534]  says  of  Cork,  can  be  applied  to  all  the  manu- 
facturing cities  of  Ireland : 

"Cork  formerly  manufactured  woolen  clothing,  baize,  camlets,  and  serge,  also  linen, 
sheetings  and  canvas;  the  suburb  of  Blackpool  was  especially  engaged  in  these  pur- 
suits as  well  as  wool  combing,  spinning,  and  dyeing,  all  of  which  continued  to  prosper 
until  the  Union  protecting  duties  expired,  when  they  gradually  declined.  *  *  *  Some 
vestige  of  the  woolen  trade  still  lingers  here."  (1858.) 


16 


According  to  government  reports  of  1822  there  was  then  in  Ireland  a 


Estimating  1,200,000  of  the  unemployed  who  were  not  compelled 

from  necessity  to  work,  this  will  leave  4,000,000  of  people  who  had  no 
capital  but  their  labor,  and  from  whom  the  government  had  just  removed 
the  means  and  power  by  which  tnose  people  could  utilize  their  capital 
[labor],  for  the  reader  must  bear  in  mind  that  it  was  in  1821,  just  the  year 
previous,  that  Ireland  was  blessed  [?]  with  perfect  free  trade,  which 
brought  a  suspension  of  nearly  all  the  industries  of  that  country.  Now 
mark  the  result :  It  was  in  1822  that  the  organizations  of  "  White  Boys," 
"  Jack  Bocks"  and  "Terra  Alts"  were  developed  in  Ireland.  These  organiza- 
tions appeared  only  at  night  and  disguised ;  they  took  arms  from  the 
houses  of  the  wealthy,  more  particularly  from  those  who  were  known  to 
be  <k  strong  government  men ;"  they  punished  farmers,  or  house-keepers 
who  over-charged  the  poor ;  they  clipped  the  ears  of  Baliffs ;  they  shot 
landlords  and  policemen ;  burned  down  barracks,  and  in  fact  took  upon 
themselves  all  sorts  of  private  and  public  vengeance,  until  they  became 
the  terror  of  the  wealthy,  especially  the  mean  and  stingy,  and  the  friend  of 
the  needy  and  indigent,  a  community  that  according  to  government  re- 
ports equaled  one  half  of  the  entire  population.  The  question  might  be 
asked.  Who  were  these  desperate  men,  or  where  did  they  come  from? 
The  simple  answer  is,  they  were  the  hitherto  industrious  workmen  of  Ire- 
land, whom  the  free  trade  of  1821  had  turned  out  into  the  world  with  no 
market  to  sell  their  labor,  no  food  in  the  larder,  and  no  money  to  buy  the 
necessaries  of  life,  who  were  compelled  to  starve,  steal,  or  turn  highway- 
men. 

The  following  description  of  the  condition  of  the  people  by  Mr.  Owen, 
who  traveled  in  Ireland  in  1823,  taken  from  Battersby's  Bepealer's  Manual 
will  give  the  reader  a  vivid  idea  of  the  situation : 

"  During  my  journey  through  the  country,  I  saw  many  living  under  circumstances 
so  wretched  that  had  I  not  been  an  eye  witness  of  their  sufferings  I  should  have  doubted 
whether  human  nature  could  support  life  under  the  privations  which  they  experienced. 
I  saw  a  large  majority  of  the  peasantry  without  capital  or  the  means  to  exert  their  in- 
dustry to  any  really  useful  purpose." 

1 '  I  saw  the  towns  occupied  by  crowds,  whose  poverty  was  hourly  increasing  while 
they  live  in  dirt  and  disease,  and  are  subject  to  almost  every  discomfort  and  disadvan- 
tage both  for  producing  and  consuming." 

"I  saw  the  merchants  and  manufacture's  living  on  hope  and  the  remains  of 
former  gains,  while  I  know  that  their  expectations  of  life  from  the  sources  from  which 
they  looked  for  it  must  terminate  in  disappointment,  and  in  many  cases  in  ruin.  1  saw 
thelanded  proprietor  and  the  landholder,  after  they  had  employed  their  capital  and  ex- 
erted their  industry  with  skill  and  ability,  frequently  by  these  means  bringing  more 
speedy  distress  upon  themselves  and  their  families;  and  I  have  often  heard  them  express 
strong  fears  that  the  time  was  near  at  hand  when  their  tenantry  would  not  be  able  to  pay 
rent.  I  heard  the  clergy  in  many  districts  declare  that  the  poverty  of  the  farmers  was 
so  rapidlv  increasing  that  thev  know  not  how  hereafter  the  tithes  could  be  collected.  I 
saw  females  in  higher  ranks  of  life,  who  had  devoted  almost  all  their  time  and  all  their 
surplus  means  to  relieve  the  sufferings  of  the  poor  around  them,  nearly  in  despair  be- 
cause they  found  distress  increasing  in  many  instances  apparently  in  proportion  to  their 
efforts  to  remove  it." 

"I  saw  thousands  of  full  grown  females  most  anxious  to  be  employed,  that  they 
might  in  a  long  hard  day  of  work  earn  two  pence;  and  strong  active  men  equally  desirous 
that  they  might  be  permitted  to  labor  fourteen  hours  in  an  unhealthy,  disagreeable  and 
useless  employment  to  obtain  eight  pence!" 


Population  of 

Employed  

Unemployed . 


8,000,000 
2,800,000 
5,200,000 


17 

1 ■ 1  saw  multitudes  of  both  sexes  who  could  not  procure  one  or  tho  other.  I  saw  a 
nobility  and  gentry  really  desirous  of  ameliorating  tho  condition  of  those  around  them 
and  making  sacrifices  of  time  and  money  in  various  attempts  to  accomplish  their  wishes 
(these  must  be  few  indeed);  and  yet  so  unsuccessful  were  their  efforts  that  they  deemed 
it  necessary  to  barricade  the  house  which  they  occupied,  as  though  a  powerful  enemy 
surrounded  their  dwellings  and  threatened  a  mighty  attack.  In  short,  I  saw  human  nature 
through  all  its  gyrations,  opposed  to  itsoif,  perplexed,  confounded,  conscious  of  the  er- 
ror in  which  it  was  involved,  without  having  any  conception  of  the  means  by  which  the 
error  could  be  removed  or  relief  obtained." 

"These  were  the  sufferings  which  were  more  or  less  conspicuous  throughout  the 
whole  of  my  tour." 

"In  opposition  to  these,  however,  I  saw  a  soil  fertile  beyond  previous  conception  I 
had  formed  of  it;  a  climate  well  suited  to  the  soil,  rivers,  harbors,  and  coasts  presenting 
great  natural  advantages,  a  country  in  fact  possessing  resources,  which,  whenever  she 
shall  bo  called  into  action,  will  bo  more  sufficient  to  support  in  high  comfort  upwards  of 
50,000,000  of  inhabitants,  while  at  present  the  island  has  only  seven  millions,  who  if  their 
industry  were  proporly  directed,  could  with  ease  and  pleasure  to  themselves  create 
abundance  of  all  the  necessaries,  comforts,  and  beneficial  luxuries  of  life,  for  a  population 
of  at  least  four  times  their  number." 

"Such  are  the  striking  contrasts  which  this  island  at  this  moment  presents!  Why 
then  are  not  its  invaluable  natural  advantages  applied  for  the  benefit  of  its  inhabitants? 
Why  are  its  proprietors  compelled  to  seek  place  and  enjoyment  in  other  countries,  or  re- 
main at  home  to  witness  poverty  and  discontent  around  them,  and  feel  no  security  in 
their  situation?  Who  is  to  blame?  Why  iniiict  this  misery  upon  the  entire  population  of 
Ireland?" 

Well  might  Mr.  Owen  ask  "Why  inflict  this  misery  upon  the  entire  pop- 
ulation of  Ireland?"  For  it  would  seem  from  his  description  of  Ireland 
just  after  receiving  the  blessing  [?]  of  Free  Trade  that  he  had  not  a  full  con- 
ception of  the  philosophy  that  makes  British  interests  a  greater  necessity 
than  the  happiness,  prosperity,  or.  preservation  of  any  people.  The  wri- 
ter is  acquainted  with  a  lady  in  this  State,  now  over  80  years  old,  who 
was  at  that  time  [1821] ,  a  young  married  woman.  Her  husband  owned  35  silk 
looms  in  Dublin  and  had  received  the  premium  in  London  in  1819,  for  the 
best  silk  ribbon  manufactured  in  the  Kingdom,  but,  when  the  tariff  was 
taken  off  in  1821,  he  had  to  close  his  door,  discharge  his  hands  and  in  a 
few  years  emigrate  to  America,  where  he  found  employment  at  the 
highly  mechanical  art  [  ?J  of  cleaning  bricks  at  fifty  cents  per  day.  America 
needed  no  silk  weavers  then,  she  had  free  trade,  and  England  supplied 
her  with  manufactured  goods,  while  her  own  labor  sought  in  vain  for 
employment.  Thus  Ireland's  manhood,  genius  and  experience  were  scat- 
tered over  the  world,  to  become  "hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water," 
because  English  cupidity  through  free  trade  demanded  their  natural  in- 
heritance. 

The  following  comparative  view  of  the  condition  of  the  manufactures 
and  working  men  of  Ireland,  before  and  since  the  Union,  will  illustrate 
how  much  Free  Trade  has  done  for  that  country : 

NUMBER  OF  MEN  EMPLOYED  BEFOUE  FREE  TRADE  AFTER. 


1800  Limerick,  one  branch  of  trade,   15,000  1831  None 

"     Cork,  Glove  makers,    "     "                                 3,000  "  500 

"     Shoe  makers,      "     "                                    300  "  100 

"    Youghal,  7  large  tanneries, "    "  None 

"     Wool  Combers,       "                                   200  14  12 

"     Dublin,  all  trades,   30,000  M  10,000 

"      Prosperous,  weavers,                                 5,000  "  100 

Stocking  making,                                        600  "  None 

"    Drogheda,  "         "                                           2,000  "  600 

"    Dublin,  Libertie's  weavers,                                 4,000  "  100 


18 


1800  Kilkenny,  1  Parish,  St.  Canice,  ,   4,000     1831  98 

"     Carrack,  one  of  branch  trade,   5,000    "  40 

"     In  all  Ireland,  Working  at  cotton,  30,000    14  500 

"     "  "      "  "Linen  yard,  20,000    "  3,000 

"    Dublin,  Silk  weavers,   15,000    "  441 

♦Battersby  Repealers  Manual. 

*Dublin  1800  Master  woolen  manufacturers,   91  1840  12 

"    hands  employed,  4,918    "  602 

"    Master  wool  combers,   30    "  5 

"     hands  employed   230     "  66 

"     Carpet  manufacturers   13  1841  1 

"    hands  employed   720    "  None 

Kilkenny  "    Blanket  manufacturers   56  1822  42 

"     hands  employed  3,000    "  925 

JBalbriggan  1799  Calico  looms  at  work  2.500  1841  226 

Wicklow  1800  Hand  looms  at  work  1^000    "  None 

Cork  "     Braid  weavers  1,000  1834  40 

"    Worsted  weavers  2,000    "  90 

"    Hosiers   300    "  28 

"     Cotton  weavers  2,000    "  220 

"    Wool  combers   700    "  110 

"    Linen  check  weavers   600    "  None 

"    Cotton  spinners,  bleachers,calico  printers  by 
thousands   "  None 


*This  list  was  furnished  by  Isaac  Butt,  to  the  author  of  Sophisms  of 
Free  Trade,  J.  Barnard  Byles,  Esq. 

To  those  gentlemen  who  claim  that  a  tariff  is  a  tax  on  intelligence,  I 
beg  to  call  their  attention  to  the  following  quotation  from  Battersby's 
Repealers  Manual,  Page  159. 

"We  have  now  before  us  a  catalogue  of  books,  published  in  Dublin  before  the  Union. 
It  contains  20,000  volumes  in  all  languages,  and  all  sciences.  Let  any  man  read  this  list 
and  see,  were  there  not  more  works  printed  in  one  year  before  the  Union  than  in  thirty 
years  since." 

In  this  catalogue  could  be  found  all  the  works  demaned  by  science  and ' 
polite  literature  Chamber's,  Encyclopedia  in  5  folio  volumes,  Encyclopedia 
Britannica  in  twenty  quarto  volumes,  &c.  The  trade  of  America  was  sup- 
plied from  Ireland.  Has  there  been  any  book  trade  since  in  that 
country  ?  Yes  !  the  publication  of  Prayer  books  and  a  few  National  works, 
by  which  an  impoverished  people  try  to  support  an  impoverished  publisher  ; 
these  are  the  only  publications  Ireland  has  had  since  Free  Trade  became 
a  fixed  fact  in  that  unhappy  country. 

Mr.  Ensor  in  his  work  entitled  Ireland  as  She  Ought  to  Be,  sums  up  the 
result  of  Free  Trade  on  literature  in  Ireland. 

"The  capital  city  was  to  become  an  Atheneeum!  Yet  it  lost  nearly  all  its  printing 
business,  no  book  is  now  published  in  Dublin,  which  issued  Encyclopaedias,  Dictionaries, 
&c,  and  supplied  the  American  market.  Pamphlets  have  perished,  for  comparing  these 
publications  in  England  and  Ireland,  it  appears  that  the  duty  on  them  in  England  for 
twenty  years  amounted  £16,188,  15s.,  0d.,  whilst  in  Ireland  it  did  not  exceed  £154,  17s., 
4^d.  Everthing  connected  with  the  latter  declined,  darkness  overspread  the  land— even 
darkness  that  might  be  felt.  It  was  not  one  star,  which  was  extinguished,  as  Merope 
ceased  to  shine  in  the  heavens,  but  the  whole  constellation  of  Ireland's  splendor  was  eclips- 
ed by  the  Union.  Even  the  sparks  of  intelligence  were  extinguished;  for  Ireland  lost  her 
Parliament,  the  college  of  Dublin  closed  the  minor  senate,  the  Horticultural  Society;  and 
Locke  on  Government  was  displaced  for  Butler's  Analogy.  What  a  substitute!  Nothing 
succeded  after  the  Union,  but  ultra-orthodox  (church  ascendency)  and  saintly  tracts." 


19 

The  following  comparative  lists  of  exports  and  imports  will  show  how 
her  trade  expired. 

Hats  exported  from  Ireland  to  America  in  1800  50,000 

"        "        "        "  "         1831  300 

Raw  silk  imported  into  Ireland  for  manufacturing  purposes  in 

1797  144,275H> 

1831  31901b 

Shoes  exported  to  America  in  1783   £14,803 

Does  Ireland  export  any  shoes  now  ?   No  ! 

For  even  the  occupation  of  the  village  shoemaker  is  gone,  as  all  the 
shoes  that  Ireland  wears  are  now  made  in  England. 

Fish  exported  in  1793 : 

C.  N.  2  Hake,  1,367,310     Salmon,  tons  251H 

Herring  Bbl   48,48H    Cod,  Bbl  272 

C.  No.  2  Lyng,  do,   172 

The  fishermen  of  Ireland  under  Free  Trade,  like  all  other  interests, 
have  been  reduced  to  pauperism  ;  their  condition  can  be  more  fully  real- 
ized from  an  extract  taken  from  a  letter  just  received  from  the  Nun  of 
Kenmare,  begging  for  God's  sake  to  help  her  suffering  poor.  She  says  : 
"The  bay  is  full  of  fish,  but  the  fishermen  are  too  poor  to  buy  boats,  nets, 
or  hooks  to  catch  them." 

Soap  and  candles  exported  in  1779 — bad  year,  £71,220 

"    1830   None. 

Tonnage  of  shipping  employed  in  Irish  commerce  in  1792, 534,413  tons 

"  "    1831,  112,629  tons. 

Forty  vessels  were  employed  before  the  Union  in  carrying  Irish  manu- 
factured goods  to  New  Foundland ;  in  1830  this  trade,  vessels,  manufactures 
and  all  had  disappeared. 

Tea  is  an  article  the  consumption  of  which  shows  the  condition  of  the 
people.  The  following  is  the  amount  of  Green  Tea  consumed  in  three  years 
before  and  three  years  after  the  Union : 

1786  716,235  lbs.    1821  34,592  lbs. 

1787  830,808  "      1822  55,634  " 

1788  675,771  "      1823  38,168  " 

Tobacco  consumed  in  Ireland  in  1797  7,947,991  " 

"  1828  4,900,941  •« 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  population  had  increased  one-third 
while  the  consumption  of  the  poor  man's  comforts  fell  off  amazingly. 

Population  of  Dublin  in  1831  300,000 

Number  of  people  destitute   50^000 

Bankrupts  in  Dublin : 
January.  February,  )  ( 

March,  April,       1 1799.  .7.  <  Same  months,  1810.  .152 

May  and  June,      )  ( 

Bankrupts.  Dublin.  Other  parts.  Total. 

1829  622  1287  1909 

1830  597  1694  2293 

1831  632  1898  2530  6733 

To  sum  up  this  catalogue  of  Ireland's  wrongs,  I  would  ask  the  reader 
to  go  over  the  figures  in  this  pamphlet  showing  the  number  of  people  em- 
ployed in  factories  before  the  Union,  which  does  not  pretend  to  be  com- 
plete, but  incomplete  as  it  is,  you  will  find  where  200,000  mechanics  were 


20 


employed  before  the  Union  which  gave  free  trade  to  Ireland,  then  com- 
pare it  with  the  following  from  Cottoiis  Atlas : 

f  In  1850  the  total  number  of  mills  in  Ireland  was  91 — of  which  11  were  Cotton,  11 
Woolen,  and  69  Linen,  employing  an  aggregate  24,725  persons." 

Here  is  a  vacuum  left  by  free  trade.  Out  of  200,000  hands  em- 
ployed in  factories  [and  it  being  only  a  partial  list]  before  the  Union  *  e 
find  it  reduced  to  less  than  one-eighth  in  fifty  years,  and  that  being  a 
period  in  which  the  world  had  increased  its  commerce  nine  hundred  times 
— steam,  telegraph  and  railroads  having  come  into  general  use.  One  is 
appalled  at  what  the  Irish  people  and  the  world  have  lost,  when  comparing 
the  condition  of  the  Irish  at  the  present  time  with  what  they  would  have 
been  if  the  curse  of  free  trade  had  never  been  forced  on  them. 

Thus  has  Ireland  been  reduced  to  poverty  and  indigence  by  the  acts 
of  an  imperial  government  in  which  she  has  little  or  nothing  to  say.  Her 
people  scattered  over  the  habitable  globe,  her  beautiful  valleys  turned  into 
trenches  to  cover  the  bones  of  her  free  trade  famine  victims ;  her  harbors 
made  the  rendezvous  for  the  shipment  of  human  beings,  while  Ireland,  that 
can  look  back  over  three  thousand  years  of  civilization,  is  now  clothed  in 
rags  with  head  drooped  and  dejected,  and  holding  out  her  hand  as  a  men- 
dicant in  abject  despair  at  the  melting  away  of  3,000,000  of  her  people  in 
forty  years. 

The  following  sketch,  taken  from  a  speech  delivered  in  Ireland  in  1848, 
by  the  Castellar  of  that  Revolution,  Thomas  Francis  Meagher,  speaks  vol- 
umes for  Ireland's  loss  and  gain  by  free  trade  : 

"  The  cotton  manufacture  of  Dublin,  which  employed  14,000  operatives,  has  been 
destroyed;  the  stuff  and  serge  manufactures,  which  employed  1,491  operatives,  have 
been  destroyed;  the  calico  looms  of  Balbriggan  have  been  destroyed;  the  flannel 
manufacture  of  Rathdrum  has  been  destroyed;  the  blanket  manufacture  of 
Kilkenny  has  been  destroyed;  the  camlet  trade  of  Bandon,  which  produced  £100,000  a 
a  year,  has  been  destroyed;  the  worsted  and  stuff  manufactures  of  Waterford  have 
been  destroyed;  the  rateen  and  frieze  manufactures  of  Carrick  on  Suir  have  been  de- 
stroyed; one  business  alone  thrives  and  flourishes,  and  dreads  no  bankruptcy.  That 
fortunate  business  which  the  Union  act  has  stood  by;  which  the  absentee  drain  has  not 
slackened  but  has  stimulated;  which  the  drainage  acts  and  navigation  acts  of  the  impe- 
rial senate  have  not  deadened  but  invigorated ;  that  favored,  and  privileged,  and  patron- 
ized business  is  the  Irish  coffin-maker's." — Carey's  Foreign  and  Domestic  Slavery. 

The  condition  of  Ireland  to-day  tells  how  truly  Meagher  spoke  when 
he  said  that  Ireland  had  one  "favored,"  "privileged,"  "patronized"  busi- 
ness, the  "  Irish  coffin-maker's." 

PART  VI. 

CONCLUSION. 

In  a  limited  space  I  have  given  a  sketch  of  "why  Ireland  is  poor,"  or 
rather  how  Ireland  became  poor.  I  invite  further  investigation  in  this 
fruitful  field  of  literature,  that  the  reader  may  learn  the  modus  operandi 
of  England's  impoverishing  the  Irish  race  and  then  branding  them  as 
-lazy." 

There  is  a  familiar  quotation  which  says:  1 'There  is  a  destiny  that 
shapes  our  end,  rough  hew  them  as  we  may."  Man  in  the  hands  of  the  Lord 
is  the  moulder  of  his  own  destiny ;  as  with  individuals,  so  with  nations,  they 
mould  their  own  destiny,  if  they  can  keep  out  the  meddling  hands  of  for- 
eign governments.  God,  in  his  wisdom,  has  given  all  countries  the  raw 


/ 


21 

products  of  the  earth  in  a  crude,  unfinished,  and  in  most  cases,  in  an  un- 
prepared state  for  man's  use.  On  the  other  hand,  He  has  given  man  the 
cunning,  genius  and  will  to  improve  the  raw  products  and  increase  a  thous- 
and fold  the  value  and  beauty  of  His  creation.  To  make  perfect  his  work 
He  has  given  us  the  imperative  order :  "  By  the  sweat  of  thy  brow  shalt 
thou  earn  thy  bread."  Here,  then  is  the  pivot  of  prosperity,  wealth  and 
national  greatness,  for  from  land  and  labor  comes  all  wealth.  Hence  the 
necessity  of  carefully  fostering  and  husbanding  these  two  articles  in  order 
that  they  may  be  constantly  employed  in  developing  the  natural  pro- 
ductions of  the  country  and  thereby  adding  to  the  strength  and  influence 
of  the  nation. 

David  Syme  says  in  his  "Restrictions  on  Trade:" 

"The  prosperity  of  a  country  depends  upon  the  industry  of  its  inhabitants  with 
nations  as  with  individuals.  Poverty  follows  idleness  and  wealth  industry.  The  true 
test  of  good  statesmanship  consists  in  applying  the  laws  of  political  economy  to  the 
development  of  the  resources  of  the  country"  so  as  to  provide  for  the  full  and  profitable 
employment  of  the  whole  population. 

This  being  true  it  becomes  an  imperative  necessity  to  keep  the  med- 
iUingliands  of  foreign  nations  off  from  controlingthe  domestic  economy  of 
this  country,  that  its  people  may  mould  its  destiny  foi  they  own  benefit. 

If  the  Irish  people  had  control  of  the  affairs  of  Ireland,  and  kept  up  a 
protective  tariff  like  that  instituted  by  the  Irish  Parliament  of  1782,  Ireland 
would  to-day  contain  20,000,000  of  the  happiest  and  wealthiest  people  on 
the  face  of  the  Globe.  But  the  Irish  people  having  lost  the  control  of  the 
government  of  Ireland,  its  destinies  were  shaped  to  further  the  ends  of 
another  nation,  hence  the  Irish  are  the  very  reverse  of  the  happiest  and 
wealthiest  people  in  the  world.  We  now  are  brought  face  to  face  with  the 
same  question  in  the  United  States.  The  emissaries  of  British  interests 
are  prowling  about  this  land  preparing  to  attack  the  interests  of  this  Re- 
public, by  introducing  that  seK  same  principle  of  free  trade,  which  ruined 
Ireland,  and  sent  its  people,  exiles  to  every  quarter  of  the  world.  Fortu- 
nately for  us  (the  Irish),  a  friendly  welcome  beckoned  us  to  the  "Land  of 
the  Free  and  the  Home  the  Brave."  in  vast  numbers.  General  B.  F.  But- 
ler, speaking  o?i  this  question  some  ten  years  ago  said: 

"There  are  1,600.000  Irish  citizens  in  this  country,  who  will  work,  vote,  and  fight 
against  any  policy  in  winch  England  may  be  directly  or  indirectly  interested." 

If  this  be  so,  then  it  is  also  fortunate  for  the  republic  that  we  be- 
came its  citizens.  For  England  in  the  avaricious  march  of  her  British 
interests,  having  reduced  her  victim  nations,  India,  Ireland,  Turkey,  Spain, 
Portugal,  &c,  to  such  dire  poverty  that  they  no  longer  afford  good  past- 
ture  grounds  for  her  gluttonous  appetite,  turns  with  longing  eyes  to  the 
rich  pasture-fields  of  American  industry,  and  hopes  through  the  agency  of 
the  Cobden  Club  to  induce  the  people  of  the  United  States,  to  adopt  that 
nation-killing  policy  of  free  trade,  destroy  the  workshops  of  America  and 
reduce  American  labor  to  the  condition  of  the  pauper  labor  of  Europe,  to 
enable  her  to  make  the  United  States  a  draw  farm  as  she  has  Ireland. 

Forty-eight  years  ago,  the  nullifiers  of  South  Carolina  in  opposition 
to  the  principles  on  which  General  Jackson  was  elected  President,  forced 
on  the  Democratic  Party,  the  policy  of  free  trade.  The  immediate  result 
of  that  act  was  the  panic  of  1837,  that  caused  a  loss  of  thousands  of 
millions  of  dollars  to  the  American  people,  and  raised  up  for  the  first  time 
in  the  Republic,  those  delectable  institutions  [?]  for  supporting  mechanics 
known  as  public  soup  houses.  Through  the  agency  ot  the  Democratic 
party,  free  trade  was  repeated  in  1846,  which  resulted  in  the  panic  of 


22 


1857,  the  distructive  character  of  which  many  of  the  older  readers  will 

remember. 

"The  London  Times  once  stated  that  "the  only  time  England  could  utilize  the  "Celts" 
is  when  they  emigrated  to  the  United  States  and  voted  for  free  trade." 

I  ask  my  countrymen  to  look  back  over  their  political  career  and  see 
if  this  in  the  majority  of  cases  is  not  too  true  ?  Is  it  not  a  fact  that  we  have 
been  using  our  political  influence  to  impoverish  our  adopted  country,  and  en- 
rich the  enemy  of  our  race,  by  voting  for  Free  Trade  ?  Such  being  the 
truth,  is  it  not  time  for  us  to  call  a  halt  in  our  political  acts,  and  look  at 
the  situation  like  intelligent  men  ? 

By  adopting  and  continuing  to  support  this  infamous  policy  of  free 
trade,  the  Democratic  party  has  become  and  continues  to  be  the  friend 
and  ally  of  England.  In  forty-eight  years  every  free  trade  measure  intro- 
duced into  Congress  was  presented  by  democrats. 

In  all  that  time  no  political  party  has  inserted  a  free  trade  plank  in 
its  platform,  but  the  Democratic  party,  and  in  that  time  the  majority  of 
the  Irish  American  citizens  have  given  the  Democratic  party  their  allegi- 
ance. How  truthfully  then  can  the  London  Times  thrust  in  our  faaes  the 
assertion 

"That  the  only  time  England  can  utilize  the  Celts  is  when  they  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  and  voted  for  Free  Trade." 

Why  has  this  been  permitted  ?  Why  has  the  Democratic  party  with 
one  third  of  its  ranks  made  up  of  Irishmen  dared  to  take  the  hand  of 
England  and  co-operate  with  her,  in  introducing  a  policy  into  this  coun- 
try that  impoverished  and  enslaved  Ireland  ?  Is  it  because  of  our  blind 
allegiance  to  the  word  Democracy  ?  We  have  permitted  ourselves  to  be- 
come the  tools  of  cunning  politicians  who  are  directly  connected  with 
England  and  duping  us  under  the  cloak  of  Democracy  ?  Look  to  the  heads 
of  the  Democratic  party,  the  men  who  mould  and  manipulate  its  principles 
from  McDuffi  and  Calhoun  of  1832,  to  August  Belmont  of  to-day ;  you  can- 
not find  one  of  them  that  was  not  "hand  and  glove"  with  England. 

I  ask  Irishmen  to  look  well  at  this  !  If  you  will  be  Democrats,  then  in 
heaven's  name  drive  every  vestige  of  this  English  policy  from  the  Demo- 
cratic platforms,  and  then,  protection  to  American  industry  without  oppo- 
sition will  be  a  principle  that  will  become  a  factor  in  the  laws  of  the  land 
to  enrich  the  people  and  nation. 

In  the  past,  when  the  question  of  Tariff  and  free  trade  was  not  in  the 
fore  ground  of  American  politics,  there  might  be  some  excuse  for  Irish 
Americans  voting  with  the  Democratic  party ;  but  now  when  the  Democratic 
party  flings  to  the  breeze  "no  protection  to  American  industry,"  and  Eng- 
land, through  the  Cobden  Club  makes  war  on  that  same  industry ;  it  be- 
comes treason  doubly  odious  to  find  Irish  Americans  performing  the  work 
of  England,  just  as  effectively  as  if  they  were  neath  the  blood  stained  cross 
of  St.  George,  with  the  Cobden  Cl"b  playing  Kule  Britannia,  marching  to  the 
ballot  box  to  introduce  into  tins  country  that  blighting  system  of  free 
trade,  which  drove  us  from  our  native  land  with  the  "vengeance." 

Mr.  Gardner,  in  his  speech  in  the  Irish  Parliament,  said  it  was  the 
large  nubmers  of  Irishmen  in  the  revolutionary  army  that  decided  the 
freedom  of  the  United  States.  What  a  glorious  record  for  Irishmen  to 
look  back  to ;  add  to  this  the  fact  that  from  Yorktown  to  Appomattox 
apple  tree  ;  in  every  battle  field  Irishmen  have  laid  down  their  lives  for  the 
llepublic.  Will  the  Irishmen  of  to-day  place  a  crown  on  this  glorious 
record  by  hurling  back  into  the  teeth  of  England  this  abominable  policy  of 
free  trade  ?    Thus  showing  the  world  that  wherever  British  interest  raises 


23 


its  head,  there  will  be  a  "Celt"  to  stamp  it  out.  To  do  this,  the  Irishmen 
of  this  country  have  only  to  mobilize  the  1,600,000  Irish  votes  (that  Gen- 
eral Butler  says  will  work,  vote  and  fight  against  English  interests)  at  the 
ballot  box,  in  the  coming  election,  and  vote  only  for  men  who  are  known 
to  be  pledged  to  sustain  American  industry  and  to  stamp  out  English  free 
trade  from  under  the  Stars  and  Stripes. 

To  work  then,  fellow  countrymen,  and  show  this  Ishmaelite  of  nations, 
that  in  driving  us  forth  from  our  native  land  "with  the  vengeance,"  she  has 
left  us  an  inheritance  of  "vengeance"  to  be  paid  back  whenever  and  where- 
ever  we  get  the  oppotunity. 

There  is  another  part  of  this  question  to  be  considered  ;  in  consequence 
of  the  condition  of  Ireland,  directly  traceable  to  free  trade,  the  average 
Irishman  lands  in  this  country  without  any  capital  but  his  labor,  hence 
the  Irish  people  are  more  interested  in  keeping  up  the  condition  of  the 
labor  market  than  any  other  class  in  this  community.  Good  wages  and  plen- 
ty of  work  must  be  the  motto  if  we  would  live  as  free  men.  Can  we  have 
good  wages  with  free  trade  ?  Better  ask  can  we  have  any  wages  ?  For 
an  answer,  I  refer  you  to  the  condition  of  the  wage-workers  of  Ireland, 
Turkey,  India,  Spain,  Portugal,  England  and  Italy,  who  have  been  blessed[  ?] 
with  free  trade.  Ask  any  old  inhabitant  of  this  country  what  was  the 
condition  of  labor  in  1837.  The  answer  will  be  fifty  cents  a  day  and  no  work 
for  half  of  the  people.  Most  of  the  older  readers  remember  1857,  when 
labor  went  begging  at  seventy-five  cents  per  day.  These  two  epochs  were 
periods  of  partial  free  trade. 

The  workmen  of  Canada  who  had  perfect  free  trade,  unable  to  obtain 
work  at  home  at  sixty  per-cent  the  wages  of  the  workmen  of  the  United 
States,  crowded  our  cities  and  towns  seeking  for  work,  which  free  trade 
denied  them  in  their  native  country.  Even  Canada,  feeling  the  blighting 
results  of  free  trade  is  now  agitating  for,  and  has  passed  laws  in  favor  of 
protective  tariff,  But  free  trade  theorists  will  say  this  is  an  agricultural 
country,  go  on  the  unoccupied  lands.  The  workingmen  might  justly 
answer — how  will  a  man  without  money  go  on  to  the  lands  ?  Even  should 
the  mechanics  and  laborers  go  on  the  land,  what  good  will  the  land  be 
without  a  market,  in  which  to  sell  the  produce  ?  The  home  market  is  and 
should  be  the  dependence  of  the  farmer.  Without  a  home  market  created  by 
a  diversified  industry,  the  farmers  of  even  this  vast  and  fertile  country 

would  become  like  the  farmers  in  the  village  of  C  in  Ireland,  soon 

after  the  introduction  of  free  trade  as  described  by  one  of  the  members 
of  the  Cobden  Club  in  a  work  published  by  that  association  and  called 
the  "Cobden  Club  on  Land  Tenure,  Page  11. 

"Let  us  abandon  the  argument  derived  from  the  balance  of  trade  and  examine  the 

effects  of  absenteeism  upon  the  village  of  C  .    All  the  property  in  the  neighborhood, 

to  the  amount  £20,000  a  year,  belongs  to  absentees.  There  is  not  a  gentleman's  house 
or  garden  near  it.  There  is  very  little  traffic,  and  the  roads  are  bad.  The  post  arrives 
and  departs  at  inconvenient  hours,  as  there  is  not  sufficient  correspondence  to  induce 
the  Post  Office  authorities  to  incur  any  expense  in  improving  the  postal  service.  There 
are  no  public  conveyances,  as  there  is  not  traffic  enough  to  support  them.  The  shops 
are  few  and  ill  supplied.  Goods  are  sold  at  a  high  price,  and  yet  for  want  of  sufficent 
custom  the  profit  of  the  shop-keepers  is  very  small.  The  district  cannot  support  a  mar- 
ket and  the  people  are  obliged  to  travel  a  considerable  distance  for  their  supplies.  The 
peasant  finds  it  impossible  to  obtain  any  price  for  butter,  eggs,  poultry  and  other  small 
rural  produce.  They  cannot  be  sold  in  the  neighborhood  and  the  expense  of  carriage  to 
a  distance  consumes  nearly  the  entire  value.  There  are  no  means  of  educatien.  One 
medical  practitioner,  with  very  little  skill,  has  the  monopoly  of  an  immense  territory 
from  which  he  obtains  a  scanty  subsi&tance,  as  the  gentry  who  are  able  to  give  him  his 
fees  are  absentees.    Agriculture  is  in  a  very  backward  state;  the  implements  are  of  the 


•24 


worst  kind;  no  improvements  in  either  cattle  or  implements  have  been  introduced  within 
living  memory.  There  are  no  gentlemen  of  wealth  and  education  to  know  what  is  done 
in  other  countries  to  make  experiment  s  to  instruct  the  people  and  introduce  improvements. 

I  thank  the  Cobden  Club  for  a  better  description  than  I  was  capable 
of  making  of  a  farming  community  in  a  free  trade  country.  Take  away 
free  trade  from  Ireland  and  protect  the  industries  of  that  country  and 
instead  of  looking  to  that  peculiar  institution  that  England  looks  to  as  a 
cure  for  all  ills,  "resident  gentlemen,"  place  a  factory  with  300  hands  in 

the  Tillage  of  C  .    How  quickly  will  the  farmers  find  a  market !  how 

like  magic  will  civilization  float  towards  that  unhappy  people,  to  build 
school  houses,  good  roads,  public  conveniences,  postal  facilities,  and  en- 
rich its  tradesmen,  doctors  and  all ! 

Owing  to  peculiar  soil  and  climatic  reasons  England  has  never  been 
able  to  kill  outright  the  linen  trade  around  Belfast,  Ireland,  and  the  pres- 
ence of  this  manufacturing  interest  accounts  for  the  fact  that  Ulster  is 
always  free  from  famines  and  seldom  has  a  failure  in  the  crops.  The  fol- 
lowing description  of  that  country  will  serve  as  a  companion  picture  for 
the  above  description  of  a  country  without  manufactures.  I  quote  from 
the  same  authority.    It  is  in  striking  contrast  with  the  impoverished  village 

of  C  .    I  do  not  remember  ever  reading  a  stronger  argument  in  favor 

of  Protection  and  against  Free  Trade  than  the  description  of  these  two  sec- 
tions of  Ireland.  The  one  purely  agricultural,  the  other  agricultural  and 
manufacturing.   Cobdex  Club  ox  Land  Tenure.  Page  49: 

' 4  Tne  wealth  obtained  by  the  cultivation  and  manufacture  of  flax  in  Ulster  is  the 
cause  that  when  a  farm  is  to  be  sold  there  is  always  some  person  at  hand  able  and  tril- 
ling to  pay  for  the  tenant  right.  In  other  provinces  the  case  would  be  different;  none 
of  the  neighbors  would  have  money  to  buy  the  tenant  right,  and  the  purchaser  would  be 
obliged  to  borrow  the  purchase  money  at  a  high  rate  of  interest,  as  the  security  for 
payment  would  be  of  an  inferior  character. 

Ireland  has  enjoyed  [?]  sixty  years  of  perfect  Free  Trade,  and  the 
following  from  a  late  number  of  the  Dublin  Freeman's  Journal  illustrates 
the  Eldorado  that  lies  before  the  farmers  of  America  if  we  adopt  free  trade  : 

•  ■  Facts  are  accumulating  from  day  to  day  which  tend  to  show  the  almost  bankrupt 
condition  of  the  farming  interests  of  this  country.  Not  alone  in  the  West,  among  the 
small  landholders,  who  at  the  best  of  times  were  never  removed  far  above  want,  is  the 
distress  intense  and  widespread,  but  even  in  counties  noted  for  the  thrifty  and  provident 
habits  of  the  people  and  blessed  with  resident  gentry,  and.  comparatively  speaking,  in- 
dulgent landlords.  Wexford  has  long  been  known  as  the  model  county  of  Ireland,"  We 
believe  its  people  have  tried  to  bear  their  misfortunes  with  fortitude;  so  far  as  we  are 
aware,  none  of  them  ever  made  an  appeal  to  any  of  the  relief  committees,  and  yet  in 
prosperous  Wexford  we  find  seventy-seven  ejectment  processes  tried  at  the  Quarter- 
Sessions,  now  complete,  for  two  divisions  of  the  county,  and  nearly  all  for  non-payment 
of  rent.    What  is  to  become  of  these  seventy-seven  families?" 

Thus  does  Ireland,  with  all  its  natural  resources,  its  rich  soil  and  salu- 
brious climate,  hurl  from  its  bosom  its  mechanics,  its  laborers  and  its 
fanners  to  become  toilers  and  wanderers  in  strange  lands,  because  that 
Vandal  nation,  England,  will  not  permit  her  people  to  apply  that  political 
e:-onomy.  Protective  Tariff,  that  makes  Belgium,  with  only  two-thirds  its 
area  of  Ian  1,  support  a  larger  population  in  happiness  and  prosperity,  and 
srives  the  teeming  millions  of  Frenchmen  in  France  work,  wealth  and 
happiness — while  Ireland,  poor,  brave,  dear  old  Ireland,  has  to  periodically 
stretch  forth  her  hand,  an  unwilling  mendicant  among  the  nations  of  the 
earth,  begging  food  for  her  children — a  victim  of  English  Free  Trade. 
Do  the  Irishmen  of  America  desire  to  repeat  the  sacrifice  on  a  larger  scale 
in  America  ?  If  you  do  not,  then  cease  to  vote  for  free  trade,  and  ally 
yourselves  with  the  men  who  have  American  labor  and  American  prosper- 
ity at  heart — the  men  who  favor  protection  to  American  industry. 


IRELAND'S  DECAY. 


The  following  doleful  catalogue  clearly  shows  the  steady,  but  sure 
decay  that  is  swiftly  sweeping  man  and  beast  from  Ireland. 

if  the  people  of  Ireland  do  not  interpose  by  a  revolution,  or  the  boil- 
ing cauldron  of  the  worlds  justice,  do  not  wipe  out  the  heartless  oligarchy 
that  rules  England ;  it  is  but  a  matter  of  time  to  have  Ireland  a  howling 
wilderness,  as  free  trade  has  made  many  rich  sections  of  India. 

The  Registrar-General  has  issued  his  report  of  the  annual  stock-taking 
in  Ireland,  and  it  is  a  dismal  and  depressing  document.  Decrease  is  writ- 
ten in  every  page.  There  is  a  decrease  of  40,609  acres  in  the  area  under 
crops  ;  there  is  a  decrease  of  14,837  in  the  number  of  horses  and  mules  ;  a 
decrease  of  2.594  in-  the  number  of  asses  :  a  decrease  of  146.752  in  the  num- 
ber of  cattle;  a  decrease  of  4.~6. 542  in  the  number  of  sheep:  a  decrease 
of  223,149  in  the  number  of  pigi  :  a  decrease  of  13.155  in  the  number  of 
goats,  and  a  decrease  of  356. 1UG  in  the  number  of  poultry.  This  docu- 
ment tells  of  the  gradual  decadence  in  Irish  fannng.  The  land  devoted 
to  cereal  crops,  which  in  1847  occupied  3.313.579  acres — one-fourth  of  the 
arable  land,  has  gradually  lessened,  and  in  1680  was  only  1.766.424  acre-, 
or  less  than  one-eighth  of  the  arable  land.  Notwithstanding  the  sup;  ;• 
of  seed,  there  is  a  diminution  of  21.943  acres  in  the  area  under  potatoes : 
and  in  green  cropsthere  is  a  diminution  of  25.388  acres.  The  returnsshows 
very  painfully  the  effect  of  the  past  season ;  and  the  action  of  the  landlords 
upon  the  tillage  of  the  poor — their  asses,  their  pigs,  their  goats,  and  their 
poultry,  have  all  diminished  in  number.  Notwithstanding  the  continued 
boasts  of  great  prices  for  dairy  produce,  there  is  a  decrease  of  67.985  inthe 
number  of  milch  cows,  and  of  108,096  in  the  number  of  calves  :  in  1859  the 
number  of  milch  cows  in  Ireland  was  1.690.339  :  in  1880  ::  was  reduced  to 
1.396,834.  The  decrease  is  293.556.  These  figures  show  that  dairy  farm- 
ing cannot  be  so  profitable  as  those  who  argue  in  favor  of  high  rents  wi-h 
to  make  out.  but  which  they  are  unable  to  prove.  It  is  usually  calculated 
that  each  milch  cow  should  return  £10  a  year,  and  the  annual  loss  to  Ire- 
land upon  the  diminished  number  of  milch  cows  would  be  nearly  three 
millions  sterling  £2.935.560^.  The  alleged  increase  in  the  price  of  butter 
does  not  compensate  for  this  loss.  The  porcine  race  has  gone  down  from 
1.621.443  in  1871,  to  849.046  in  1880  ;  the  diminution  is  772.397.  or  a: 
48  per  cent.  The  number  of  breeding  pigs,  those  of  one  year  old  and  up- 
wards, which  was  322.982  in  1859.  has  been  reduced  to  115.309  inlS80.  The 
pigs  under  a  year  old,  from  which  the  market  supply  was  drawn,  has  di- 
minished by  650,857.  If  these  animals  were  in  the  country,  they  would, 
when  fat  and  fit  for  killing,  represent  from  two  to  two  and  a  half  millions 
sterling.  We  miss  from  the  return  an  account  which  used  to  appear  in 
former  numbers — the  Emigration  from  Ireland.  Irish  farming  is  perish- 
ing under  excessive  rents. — Minister  Exi  ress. 

If  the  Minister  Express  would  raise  the  same  hue  and  cry  in  Ireland 
against  English  manufactured  goods,  that  Dean  Swift  did  in  1762.  and 
get  the  people  of  Ireland  to  refuse  to  buy.  wear  or  use  anything  but  Irish 
manufactured  goods  in  fact,  "Burn  everything  that  conies  from  England, 
but  her  coal."  Capital  would  soon  supply  Ireland  with  Irish  manufac- 
tured goods,  and  at  the  same  time  would*  create  a  home  market  for  the 
farmer,  which  would  make  it  easy  for  the  farmer  to  pay  his  rent :  in  time 
he  would  learn  the  injustice  of  paying  rent  to  a  class  who  gave  no  return, 
and  become  prepared  to  take  a  life  lease  through  the  freemans  lawyer. 
"The  music  of  a  rifle." 


INDUSTRIAL  LEAGUE 
OF  AMERICA, 

I^OIR  PBOTECTI03ST  TO 

HOME  INDUSTRY. 


Joseph  H.  Brown,  Prest. ;  T.  P.  Jones,  Vice  Prest. ;  A.  W.  Kingsland 
Treas. ;  JohnF.  Scanlan,  Sec. ;  James  Felch,  Cor.  Sec. ;  Hon.  F. 
W.  Palmer,  J.  H.  Coyne,  J.  Biersdorf,  J.  L.  Burleigh. 

VICE  PBESIDE1TTS  : 

David  Bradley,  David,  H.  Mason,  C.  F.  Gates, 

Charles  M.  Smith,  A.  A.  Carpenter. 

AG-E1TT  : 

John  A.  Norton. 
ROOMS  57,  58  &  59,  160  AND  162  WASHINGTON. 

SEND  FOR  PAMPHLETS  ON  PROTECTION 


Every  Irishman,  who  loves  American  liberty  and  desires  a  continuation 
of  that  liberty  with  its  twin  sister  prosperity,  and  who  feels  that  the  intro- 
duction of  British  free  trade  into  this  country  would  be  one  of  the  worst 
evils  that  could  befall  the  Bepublic  will  send  his  name  and  address  to  the 
undersigned,  for  the  purpose  of  uniting  the  Irish  race  against  this  old 
enemy— FREE  TRADE. 

JOHN  F.  SCANLAN, 

Secretary  of  Industrial  League  of  America,  Chicago,  IU. 


READ  WHAT  MILLIONS  PROCLAIM! 

The  Genuine  Singer  Sewing  Machines  are  only 
mado  by  the  Singer  Manufacturing  Company 
and  are  beyond  all  controversy,  the  best  in  tha 
•world. 

"Having  tried  many  other  makes  in  our  respect 
ive  institutions,  we  find  by  continual  xisage  the 
Genuine  Singer  to  be  far  superior  to  any  others, 
and  recommend  them  to  all  as  the  most  valuable 
of  all  Sewing  Machines.     Very  Respectfully, 
The  University  op  Notre  Dame, 
And  St.  Mary's  Academy, 

South  Bend,  Ind. 
The  immense  popularity  of  the  Genuine  Singer 
Sewing  Machine  can  only  be  comprehended  when 
wo  take  their  6ales  into  account, 
Which  now  Reach  over  Ten  Thousand  Ma- 
chines Per  Week. 

The  Singer  Mfg.  Co. 

Principal  Office,  No.  34  Union  Square 

New  York. 
Principal  Western  Office,  No.  241 
State  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

CHICAGO  TYPE  FOUNDRY. 
MARDER,  LT7SE  <&  CO., 

ENGLISH  AND  GERMAN 

TYPE  FOUNDERS, 

INVENTORS    OF  THE 

American  System  of  Interchangeable  Type  Bodies, 

AND   MANUFACTURERS  OF 

BOOK,  NEWS  AND  JOB  LETTER 

FROM  THEIR 

"INCOMPARABLE   HARD    MET  AD." 


ESTIMATES 


And  Job  Office 

GIVEN  UPON  APPLICATION . 


OUTFITS  OF  ANY  SIZE  FURNISHED  PROMPTLY. 

'Eectrotyping  and  Stereotyping.  139  &  141  Monroe  St. 


MITE  STAR  HE 


—OF- 


UNITED  STATES  MD  ROYAL 

—BETWEEN— 

Queenstown,  Liverpool  and  New  York, 

UNSURPASSED  FOR 

SAFETY,  COMFORT  AND  SPEED. 

And  DO  NOT  Carry  Cattle,  Sheep  or  Pigs. 

The  First-class  accommodations  foi  Cabin  and 
Steerage  Passengers,  combined  with  the  regular- 
ity of  their  rapid  passages  in  all  weather,  have 
earned  for  these  Splendid  Steamers  a  World- 
wide reputation. 

For  rates  of  passage  and  other  information, 
apply  to 


General  Western  Ag-ent, 

48  South  Clark  Street, 
CHICAG-O, 


AMERICAN  LINE. 


PHIIMLPHIAHIVEKPOOL 

(Calling  at  Queenstown.) 

Only  Trans-Atlantic  Line 

—UNDER  THE— 

AMEEICAN  FLAG! 


Sailing  every  Wednesday  and  Saturday, 
carrying   Cabin,  Intermediate  and 
Steerage  Passengers,  and  the 
United  States  Mails. 


For  Passage  tickets  and  drafts  apply  to 

Peter  Wright  &  Sons,  Gen.  Agts.  W.  E.  Lawrence,  Manager, 

119  East  Randolph  Street,  Chicago. 


X2TMA2T  LINE. 


CITY  OF  ROME, 

8,300  Tons. 

CITY  OF  BERLIN, 

5,491  Tons.  ' 

CITY  OF  RICHMOND, 

4,607  Tons. 

CITY  OF  CHESTER, 

4,666  Tons. 


CITY  OF  MONTREAL, 

4,490  Tons. 

CITY  OF  BRUSSELS. 

3,775  Tons. 

CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

3,500  Tons. 

CITY  OF  PARIS, 

3,500  Tons. 


ROYAL  MAIL  STEAMERS. 

YORK  AND  LIVERPOOL 

via  QUEENSTOWN. 

PASSENGERS  BOOKED  TO  AND  FKOM  PRINCIPAL  TOWNS  IN 

IRELAND  AND  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  attention  of  persons  wishing  to  send  to  the  OLD  COUNTKY  for  their  friends,  is 
called  to  the  great  facilities  offered  by  this  celebrated  Line  of  OCEAN  STEaMEKS 
which  has  been  in  successful  operation  since  1851,  and  numbers  in  its  fleet  some  of  the 
largest,  as  well  as  fastest  Steamers  afloat.  Local  Agents  in  all  the  principal  towns  in 
the  United  States. 

FGUJfCIS  C.  (BftOWJf,  Gen.  Western  Agt.  32  Clark  St. 

Drafts  on  Great  Britain,  Ireland  and  the  Continent  lor  sale.  CHICAGO '. 


HAHNEMANN 


Medical  college  and  Hospital  of  Chicago. 

[Chartered  by  the  State      '   ••  '>is  in  1855.J 

THE  LARGEST  HOMEOPATHIC  CLINIl        CHOOL  IN  THE  WORLD. 


The  21st  Winter  Session  commences  October  5th  and  closes  the  fourth  Thurs- 

day in  February.  1881.  Clinical  facilities  unsurpassed  .terial  for  dissection  abund- 
ant.   Large,  well-lighted  and  comfortable  rooms. 


D.  S.  SMITH,  M.  D.  1255  Michigan  avenue, 

Emeritus  Professor  of  Materia  Medico, . 
X.  F.  COOKE,  M.  D.,  58  State  St., 

Emeritus  Professor  of  Special  Pathology  and  Diagnosis. 
A.  E.  SMALL,  M.  D.,  1204 Wabash  avenue, 

Professor  of  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine. 
R.  LUDLAM,  M.D„  526  Wabash  avenue, 

Processor  of  the  Medical  and  Surgical  Diseases  of  Women,  Obstetrics 
and  Clinical  Mi  Iwifery. 
TEMPLE  S.  HOYNE,  M,  D„  1634  Wabash  avenue, 

Professor  of  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  and  Clinical  Lectur- 
er on  Venereal  and  Skin  Diseases. 
GEO.  A.  HALL,  M.  D.,  2131  Wabash  avenue, 

Professor  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  and  Clinical 
Surgery. 

HARLAN  P.  COLE,  M.  D.,  Central  Music  Hall  Block, 

Professor  of  General  and  Surgical  Anatomy  and  Minor  Surgery, 
W.  J.  HAWKES,  M.  D.,  56  E.  Washington  St. , 

Pr  ftssor  of  Physidogy  and  Clinical  Medicine. 
C.  H.  VILAS  M,  D.,  56  E.  Washington  St., 

Professor  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye  and  Ear. 
C.  GILBERT  WHEELER,  M.  D.,  81  Clark  St., 

Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicology. 


AUXILIARY  CORPS. 

S.  LEAVITT,  M.  D.,  3807  Langley  avenue, 

Adjunct  Professor  of  Obstetrics  and  Clinical  Midwifery. 
H.  B.  FELLOWS,  M.  D.,  126  State  St., 

Professor  of  the  Physiology  and  Pathology  of  the  Xen  ons  System. 
C.  E.  LANING,  M.  D.,  3034  Michigan  avenue. 

Adjunct  Professor  of  Physiol  gy,  and  Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 


For  full  course  of  Lectures,  including  Matriculation  $  55  Otj 

Perpetual  Tickets,  "  "   95  00 

Graduation  Fee   25  00 

The  Spring  Term  commences  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  March,  every  year,  and  con- 
tinues ten  weeks.    Fee,  $15  00. 

For  Catalogues,  and  other  information,  address 

T.  S.  HOYNE,  M.  D., 

Registrar,  1634  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago,  El. 


WHO? 


WHO  SELLS  FURNITURE  ON  THE  MOST  EQUITABLE 
SYSTEM  OF  TIME  PAYMENTS  ? 

JOHN  M.  SMYTH. 

WHO  EXHIBITS  THE  BEST  SELECTED  STOCK  OF 

CARPETS  ? 

JOHN  M.  SMYTH. 

WHO  MAKES  HIS  OWN  FURNITURE  FOR  RETAIL 

TRADE  ? 

JOHN  M.  SMYTH. 

WHO  SELLS  ON  TIME  WITHOUT  INTEREST  ? 

JOHN  M.  SMYTH. 

WHO  HANDLES  NONE  BUT  THE  BEST— THE  VERY 

BEST — GOODS  ? 

JOHN  M.  SMYTH. 

WHERE  IS  HIS  PLACE  ? 

132  &  134  W.  MADISON  ST. 


SPECIALTY  MADE  OF  PAMPHLET  WORK!!! 


McCANN  &  O'BRIEN, 

BOOK!  -A-3STID  iTOIB 

PRINTERS, 

169  EAST  MADISON  STREET,  CHICAGO. 


All  kinds  of  Printing  done  promptly,  and  at 
reasonable  prices. 


Send  for  Estimates. 


WHO   IS  UNACQUAINTED  WITH  THE  CEOCRAPHY  OF  THIS  COUNTRY,  WILL 
SEE  BY  EXAMINING  THIS  MAP,  THAT  THE  ' 

I\  " —  Minneapoligj>g^r.)^^l,     /    if  Chmr.ewa  Jails  V 

lorar«>^  ChaiK^f^FaS^toD   


CHICAGO,  ROCK  ISLAND  &  PACIFIC  R.  Y. 

IS  THE  GREAT  CONNECTING  LINK  BETWEEN  THE  EAST  &  THE  WEST ! 


Its  main  line  runs  from  Chicago  to  Council 
Bluffs,  passing  through  Joliet,  Ottawa,  La  Salle, 
Geneseo.  Moline,  Rock  Island,  Davenport,  West 
Liberty.  Iowa  City,  Marengo,  Brooklyn,  Grinnell, 
Des  Moines  (the  capital  of  Iowa),  Stuart,  Atlan- 
tic, and  Avoca ;  with  branches  from  Bureau 
Junction  to  Peoria;  Wilton  Junction  to  Musca- 
tine, Washington,  Fairfield,  Eldon,  Belknap, 
Centreville,  Princeton,  Trenton,  Gallatin,  Came- 
ron, Leavenworth,  Atchison,  and  Kansas  City; 
Washington  to  Sigourney,  Oskaloosa.  and  Knox- 
ville;  Keokuk  to  Farmington,  Bonaparte,  Ben- 
tonsport.  Independent,  Eldon,  Ottumwa,  Eddy- 
ville,  Oskaloosa,  Pella,  Monroe,  and  Des  Moines; 
Newton  to  Monroe;  Des  Moines  to  Indianolaand 
Winterset;  Atlantic  to  Lewis  and  Audubon;  and 
Avoca  to  Harlan.  This  is  positively  the  only 
Railroad,  which  owns,  and  operates  a  through 
line  from  Chicago  into  the  State  of  Kansas. 

Through  Express  Passenger  Trains,  with  Pull- 
man Palace  Cars  attached,  are  run  each  way  daily 
between  Chicago  and  Peoria,  Kansas  City, 
CRUNCH-  Bluffs,  Leavenworth  and  Atchi- 
son. Through  cars  arealso  run  between  Milwau- 
kee and  Kansas  City,  via  the  "Milwaukee  and 
Rock  Island  Short  Line." 

The  "Great  Rock  Island"  is  magnificently 
equipped.  Its  road  bed  is  simply  perfect,  and  its 
track  is  laid  with  steel  rails. 

What  will  please  you  most  will  be  the  pleasure 
of  enjoying  your  meals,  while  passing  over  the 
beautifuUprairies  of  Illinois  and  Iowa,  in  one  of 
our  magnificent  Dining  Cars  that  accompany  all 
Through  Express  Trains.  You  get  an  entire 
meal,  as  good  as  is  served  in  any  first-class  hotel, 
forseventy-ttve  cents. 

Appreciating  the  fact  that  a  majority  of  the 
people  prefer  separate  apartments  for  different 
purposes  (and  the  immense  passenger  business 
of  this  line  warranting  it),  we  are  pleased  to  an- 
nounce that  this  Company  runs  Pullman  Palace 
Sleeping  Cars  for  sleeping  purposes,  and  Palace 


Dining  Cars  for  eating  purposes  only.  One  other 
great  feature  of  our  Palace  Cars  is  a  SMOKING 
SALOON  where  you  can  enjoy  your  "Havana" 
at  all  hours  of  the  day. 

Magnificent  Iron  Bridges  span  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri  rivers  at  all  points  crossed  by  this 
line,  and  transfers  are  avoided  at  Council  Bluffs, 
Kansas  City,  Leavenworth,  and  Atchison,  con- 
nections being  made  in  Union  Depots. 

THE  PRINCIPAL  R.  R.  CONNECTIONS  OF 
THIS  GREAT  THROUGH  LINE  ARE  AS 
FOLLOWS : 

At  Chicago,  with  all  diverging  lines  for  the 
East  and  South. 

At  Englewood.  with  the  L.  S.  &  M.  S.,  and  P., 
Ft.  W.  &  C.  R.  Rds. 

At  Washington  Heights,  with  P.,  C.  &  St. 
L.  R.  R. 

At  LA  Salle,  with  111.  Cent.  R.  R. 
At  Peoria,  with  P.  P.  &  J.;  P.  D.  &  E. ;  I.  B.  & 
W.;  111.  Mid.;  and  T.  P.  &  W.  Rds. 

At  Rock  Island,  with  "Milwaukee  &  Rock 
Island  Short  Line,"  and  Rock  l3l'd  &  Peo.  Rds. 

At  Davenport,  with  the  Davenport  Division 
C.  M.  &  St.  P.  It.  K. 

At  West  Liuerty,  with  the  B..  C.  R.  &  N.  R.  R. 

At  Grinnell,  with  Central  Iowa  R.  R. 

At  Des  Moines,  with  D.  M.  &  b\  D.  R.  R. 

At  COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  with  Union  Pacific  R.  R. 

At  OMAHA,  with  B.  &  Mo.  R.  R.  R.  in  Neb.) 

At  COLUMBUS  JUNCTION.with  B.,C.  R.  &  N.  R.R. 

At  Ottumwa,  with  Central  Iowa  R.  R. ;  W., 
St.  L.  &  Pac.  and  C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  Rds. 

At  Keokuk,  with  Tol.,  Peo.  &  War.;  Wab.,  St. 
Louis  &  Pac.  and  St.  L.,  Keo.  &  N.-W.  R.  Rds. 

At  Cameron,  with  H.  St.  J.  R.  R. 

At  Atchison,  with  Atch.,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe; 
Atch.  &  Neb.  and  Cen.  Br.  U.  P.  R.  Rds. 

At  Leavenworth,  with  Kan.  Pac.,  and  Kan. 
Cent.  R.  Rds. 

At  Kansas  City,  with  all  lines  for  the  West 
and  Southwest. 


PULLMAN  PALACE  CARS  are  run  through  to  PEORIA,  DES  MOINES, 
COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  KANSAS  CITY,  ATCHISON,  and  LEAVENWORTH. 

Tickets  via  this  Line,  known  as  the  "  Oresit  Rock  Island  Route,"  arc  sold  by 
all  Ticket  Agents  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

For  Information  not  obtainable  at  your  home  ticket  office,  address, 
R.  11.  CABLE,  E.  ST.  JOHN, 

Vice  President  and  Qen'l  Manager.  Gerv'l  Ticket  and  Pass  gr  Agt, 

Chicago,  UL 


OV  L 


ion  57 


